{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T12:40:05Z","timestamp":1749732005049,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]],"date-time":"2024-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]],"date-time":"2024-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alma Mater Studiorum - Universit\u00e0 di Bologna"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study investigated sex and age differences in patterns of psychotropic medication use before and after the initial diagnosis of Cluster B personality disorders (PDs) and analyzed trends over time.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Analyzing data from the Quebec Integrated Chronic Disease Surveillance System for individuals newly diagnosed with Cluster B PD (\u2265\u200914 years) between 2002 and 2018 and under the provincial public drug plan, we calculated yearly and monthly proportions of individuals exposed to psychotropic medications during the year before and after their diagnosis by sex and age. Robust Poisson regression models assessed the association between sex and exposure to psychotropic medications after the diagnosis of Cluster B PD.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Among 87,778 individuals with a first Cluster B PD diagnosis (mean age: 44.5 years; 57.5% women), the proportion of users increased post-diagnosis. Notably, after diagnosis, females were more likely to receive psychiatric medications (between 78.9% and 83.7% during the study period vs. 72.8% and 76.8%). Males were less likely than females to receive antidepressants (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR): 0.83; 99% confidence interval (CI): 0.82\u20130.85) and anxiolytics (aPR: 0.86; 99%CI: 0.84\u20130.88), whereas they had higher exposure to antipsychotics (aPR: 1.04; 99%CI: 1.02\u20131.06) and ADHD medications (aPR: 1.14; 99%CI: 1.07\u20131.2). Age-specific trends showed increased ADHD medication use among younger patients (14\u201324 years), and anxiolytic use predominated in those aged\u2009<jats:bold>\u2265<\/jats:bold>\u200965 years.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Psychotropic medication use was high among Cluster B PD patients, with differences in medication classes according to age and sex. The marked sex and age differences in psychotropic medication use among Cluster B PD patients underscore the need for a sex-sensitive and age-specific approach in psychiatric care.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-024-02768-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T14:12:46Z","timestamp":1726668766000},"page":"1499-1509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cluster B personality disorders and psychotropic medications: a focused analysis of trends and patterns across sex and age groups"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Carlotta","family":"Lunghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lionel","family":"Cailhol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Massamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzane","family":"Renaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elhadji A.","family":"Laouan Sidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Biskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cathy","family":"Martineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Rahme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Rochette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Sirois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evens","family":"Villeneuve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Lesage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2768_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"2768_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743717700818","volume":"62","author":"L Cailhol","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cailhol L, Pelletier \u00c9, Rochette L et al (2017) Prevalence, mortality, and Health Care Use among patients with cluster B personality disorders clinically diagnosed in Quebec: a Provincial Cohort Study, 2001\u20132012. Can J Psychiatry 62:336\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0706743717700818","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2768_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.202","volume":"213","author":"J Volkert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Volkert J, Gablonski T-C, Rabung S (2018) Prevalence of personality disorders in the general adult population in western countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 213:709\u2013715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.2018.202","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2768_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3294","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10153294","volume":"10","author":"C-W Hsu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hsu C-W, Wang L-J, Lin P-Y et al (2021) Differences in Psychiatric comorbidities and gender distribution among three clusters of Personality disorders: a Nationwide Population-based study. J Clin Med 10:3294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10153294","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2768_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.16.5.464.22121","volume":"16","author":"ED Klonsky","year":"2002","unstructured":"Klonsky ED, Jane JS, Turkheimer E, Oltmanns TF (2002) GENDER ROLE AND PERSONALITY DISORDERS. J Personal Disord 16:464\u2013476","journal-title":"J Personal Disord"},{"key":"2768_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1159\/000224149","volume":"42","author":"A Tadi\u0107","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tadi\u0107 A, Wagner S, Hoch J et al (2009) Gender differences in Axis I and Axis II Comorbidity in patients with Borderline personality disorder. Psychopathology 42:257\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000224149","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"2768_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-004-0042-8","volume":"6","author":"J Paris","year":"2004","unstructured":"Paris J (2004) Gender differences in personality traits and disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 6:71\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-004-0042-8","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"2768_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.v69n0404","volume":"69","author":"BF Grant","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grant BF, Chou SP, Goldstein RB et al (2008) Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV borderline personality disorder: results from the Wave 2 national epidemiologic survey on Alcohol and related conditions. J Clin Psychiatry 69:533\u2013545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/jcp.v69n0404","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2768_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2010.24.4.412","volume":"24","author":"TJ Trull","year":"2010","unstructured":"Trull TJ, Jahng S, Tomko RL et al (2010) REVISED NESARC PERSONALITY DISORDER DIAGNOSES: GENDER, PREVALENCE, AND COMORBIDITY WITH SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCE DISORDERS. J Personal Disord 24:412\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/pedi.2010.24.4.412","journal-title":"J Personal Disord"},{"key":"2768_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026087410516","volume":"74","author":"AE Skodol","year":"2003","unstructured":"Skodol AE, Bender DS (2003) Why are women diagnosed Borderline more than men? Psychiatr Q 74:349\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1026087410516","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"2768_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371506000702","volume":"60","author":"RS Biskin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Biskin RS (2015) The lifetime course of Borderline personality disorder. Can J Psychiatry Rev Can Psychiatr 60:303\u2013308","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry Rev Can Psychiatr"},{"key":"2768_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Alphen SPJ (Bas), Derksen JJL (Jan), Sadavoy J, Joel), Rosowsky E (eds) (2012) (Erlene) Features and challenges of personality disorders in late life. Aging Ment Health 16:805\u2013810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13607863.2012.667781","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2012.667781"},{"key":"2768_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2018.07.002","volume":"41","author":"CM Temes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Temes CM, Zanarini MC (2018) The longitudinal course of Borderline personality disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 41:685\u2013694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psc.2018.07.002","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"2768_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2018.07.009","volume":"41","author":"R Shah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shah R, Zanarini MC (2018) Comorbidity of Borderline personality disorder: current status and future directions. Psychiatr Clin North Am 41:583\u2013593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psc.2018.07.009","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"2768_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-017-0103-z","volume":"4","author":"LW Choi-Kain","year":"2017","unstructured":"Choi-Kain LW, Finch EF, Masland SR et al (2017) What works in the treatment of Borderline personality disorder. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 4:21\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40473-017-0103-z","journal-title":"Curr Behav Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"2768_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.4287","volume":"74","author":"IA Cristea","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cristea IA, Gentili C, Cotet CD et al (2017) Efficacy of psychotherapies for Borderline personality disorder: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 74:319\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.4287","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2768_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.1.1","volume":"158","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2001","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2001) Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with borderline personality disorder. American Psychiatric Association. Am J Psychiatry 158:1\u201352","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2768_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40479-019-0106-3","volume":"6","author":"S Simonsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simonsen S, Bateman A, Bohus M et al (2019) European guidelines for personality disorders: past, present and future. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregulation 6:9","journal-title":"Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregulation"},{"key":"2768_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0264239","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264239","volume":"18","author":"NZY Wong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wong NZY, Barnett P, Rains LS et al (2023) Evaluation of international guidance for the community treatment of \u2018personality disorders\u2019: a systematic review. PLoS ONE 18:e0264239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0264239","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2768_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2377-z","volume":"19","author":"C Tim\u00e4us","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tim\u00e4us C, Meiser M, Bandelow B et al (2019) Pharmacotherapy of borderline personality disorder: what has changed over two decades? A retrospective evaluation of clinical practice. BMC Psychiatry 19:393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-019-2377-z","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2768_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0279015","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279015","volume":"17","author":"X Qian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qian X, Townsend ML, Tan WJ, Grenyer BFS (2022) Sex differences in borderline personality disorder: a scoping review. PLoS ONE 17:e0279015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0279015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2768_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031681","volume":"4","author":"AA Alegria","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alegria AA, Blanco C, Petry NM et al (2013) Sex differences in antisocial personality disorder: results from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and related conditions. Personal Disord Theory Res Treat 4:214\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0031681","journal-title":"Personal Disord Theory Res Treat"},{"key":"2768_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243511","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1243511","volume":"14","author":"C Lunghi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lunghi C, Cailhol L, Massamba V et al (2023) Psychotropic medication use pre and post-diagnosis of cluster B personality disorder: a Quebec\u2019s health services register cohort. Front Psychiatry 14:1243511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1243511","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2768_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000507","volume":"13","author":"P Dehlbom","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dehlbom P, Wetterborg D, Lundqvist D et al (2022) Gender differences in the treatment of patients with borderline personality disorder. Personal Disord 13:277\u2013287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/per0000507","journal-title":"Personal Disord"},{"key":"2768_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.34.4.06","volume":"34","author":"C Blais","year":"2014","unstructured":"Blais C, Jean S, Sirois C et al (2014) Quebec Integrated Chronic Disease Surveillance System (QICDSS), an innovative approach. Chronic Inj Can 34:226\u2013235","journal-title":"Chronic Inj Can"},{"key":"2768_CR26","unstructured":"R\u00e9gie de l\u2019Assurance Maladie du (2022) Qu\u00e9bec Rapport annuel de gestion 2020\u20132021. https:\/\/www.ramq.gouv.qc.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/rapport-annuel-2020-2021.pdf. Accessed 26"},{"key":"2768_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/20.3.119","volume":"20","author":"DE Francke","year":"1963","unstructured":"Francke DE (1963) Uses of AHFS classification system. Am J Hosp Pharm 20:119\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajhp\/20.3.119","journal-title":"Am J Hosp Pharm"},{"key":"2768_CR28","first-page":"85","volume":"20","author":"R Pampalon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pampalon R, Hamel D, Gamache P (2009) A comparison of individual and area-based socio-economic data for monitoring social inequalities in health. Health Rep 20:85\u201394","journal-title":"Health Rep"},{"key":"2768_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zimmerman M, Becker L (2022) The hidden borderline patient: patients with borderline personality disorder who do not engage in recurrent suicidal or self-injurious behavior. Psychol Med 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291722002197","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722002197"},{"key":"2768_CR30","unstructured":"National Health and Medical Research Council (2012) Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Borderline Personality Disorder"},{"key":"2768_CR31","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2009) Borderline personality disorder: recognition and management"},{"key":"2768_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2021.04.200596","volume":"34","author":"ME Johansen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johansen ME (2021) Psychiatric Medication users by Age and Sex in the United States, 1999\u20132018. J Am Board Fam Med JABFM 34:732\u2013740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3122\/jabfm.2021.04.200596","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med JABFM"},{"key":"2768_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494820944736","volume":"49","author":"A Bacigalupe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bacigalupe A, Mart\u00edn U (2021) Gender inequalities in depression\/anxiety and the consumption of psychotropic drugs: are we medicalising women\u2019s mental health? Scand J Public Health 49:317\u2013324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1403494820944736","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2768_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaceta.2020.06.013","volume":"1","author":"A Bacigalupe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bacigalupe A, Cabezas A, Bueno MB, Mart\u00edn U (2020) [Gender as a determinant of mental health and its medicalization. SESPAS Rep 2020] Gac Sanit 34 Suppl 1:61\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaceta.2020.06.013","journal-title":"SESPAS Rep 2020] Gac Sanit 34 Suppl"},{"key":"2768_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12981","volume":"139","author":"L Sher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sher L, Rutter SB, New AS et al (2019) Gender differences and similarities in aggression, suicidal behaviour, and psychiatric comorbidity in borderline personality disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 139:145\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acps.12981","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"2768_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2022.219","volume":"34","author":"K Schwalsberger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schwalsberger K, Reininghaus B, Reiter A et al (2022) Sex-related differences in the pharmacological treatment of Major Depression - Are women and men treated differently? Psychiatr Danub 34:219\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24869\/psyd.2022.219","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"key":"2768_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seifert J, F\u00fchrmann F, Reinhard MA et al (2021) Sex differences in pharmacological treatment of major depressive disorder: results from the AMSP pharmacovigilance program from 2001 to 2017. J Neural Transm Vienna Austria 1996 128:827\u2013843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-021-02349-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-021-02349-5"},{"key":"2768_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aprim.2022.102378","volume":"54","author":"A Bacigalupe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bacigalupe A, Gonz\u00e1lez-R\u00e1bago Y, Jim\u00e9nez-Carrillo M (2022) [Gender inequality and mental health medicalization: Sociocultural determining factors from the analysis of expert perceptions]. Aten Primaria 54:102378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aprim.2022.102378","journal-title":"Aten Primaria"},{"key":"2768_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1392","volume":"41","author":"M Arts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arts M, Petrykiv S, Fennema J, De Jonge L (2017) Off-label prescriptions of quetiapine for sleep disturbances. Eur Psychiatry 41:S749\u2013S750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1392","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"2768_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adjaye-Gbewonyo Z, Ng A, Black L (2022) Sleep Difficulties in Adults: United States, 2020. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.)","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:117490"},{"key":"2768_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2014.926220","volume":"14","author":"Y Ginsberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ginsberg Y, Beusterien KM, Amos K et al (2014) The unmet needs of all adults with ADHD are not the same: a focus on Europe. Expert Rev Neurother 14:799\u2013812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14737175.2014.926220","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"2768_CR42","first-page":"467","volume":"119","author":"E Abdelnour","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdelnour E, Jansen MO, Gold JA (2022) ADHD diagnostic trends: increased recognition or overdiagnosis? Mo Med 119:467\u2013473","journal-title":"Mo Med"},{"key":"2768_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1903","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1903","volume":"31","author":"FB Diallo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Diallo FB, Pelletier \u00c9, Vasiliadis HM et al (2022) Morbidities and mortality of diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) over the youth lifespan: a population-based retrospective cohort study. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 31:e1903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mpr.1903","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2768_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743717714468","volume":"62","author":"HM Vasiliadis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vasiliadis HM, Diallo FB, Rochette L et al (2017) Temporal trends in the prevalence and incidence of diagnosed ADHD in children and young adults between 1999 and 2012 in Canada: A Data linkage study. Can J Psychiatry 62:818\u2013826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0706743717714468","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2768_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.11.007","volume":"84","author":"M Ruiz-Goikoetxea","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruiz-Goikoetxea M, Cortese S, Aznarez-Sanado M et al (2018) Risk of unintentional injuries in children and adolescents with ADHD and the impact of ADHD medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 84:63\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.11.007","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2768_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-02825-y","volume":"14","author":"H-M Vasiliadis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vasiliadis H-M, Lunghi C, Rahme E et al (2024) ADHD medications use and risk of mortality and unintentional injuries: a population-based cohort study. Transl Psychiatry 14:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-024-02825-y","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2768_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lieslehto J, Tiihonen J, L\u00e4hteenvuo M et al Association of pharmacological treatments and real-world outcomes in borderline personality disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand n\/a: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acps.13564","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13564"},{"key":"2768_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3109\/00048670903555138","volume":"44","author":"SA Hollingworth","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hollingworth SA, Burgess PM, Whiteford HA (2010) Affective and anxiety disorders: prevalence, treatment and antidepressant medication use. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 44:513\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00048670903555138","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2768_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.3445","volume":"315","author":"J Wong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wong J, Motulsky A, Eguale T et al (2016) Treatment indications for antidepressants prescribed in primary care in Quebec, Canada, 2006\u20132015. JAMA 315:2230\u20132232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.3445","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2768_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.19203","volume":"19","author":"A Garakani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garakani A, Murrough JW, Freire RC et al (2021) Pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders: current and emerging treatment options. FOCUS 19:222\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.focus.19203","journal-title":"FOCUS"},{"key":"2768_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5383","volume":"31","author":"E Gosselin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gosselin E, Simard M, Lunghi C, Sirois C (2022) Trends in benzodiazepine and alternative hypnotic use in relation with multimorbidity among older adults in Quebec, Canada. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 31:322\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pds.5383","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"2768_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080073","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1080073","volume":"14","author":"C Lunghi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lunghi C, Rochette L, Massamba V et al (2023) Psychiatric and non-psychiatric polypharmacy among older adults with schizophrenia: Trends from a population-based study between 2000 and 2016. Front Pharmacol 14:1080073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1080073","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-024-02768-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00127-024-02768-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-024-02768-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T12:14:08Z","timestamp":1749730448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00127-024-02768-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["2768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-024-02768-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0933-7954","1433-9285"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0933-7954"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1433-9285"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}