{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:10:44Z","timestamp":1792195844421,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006643","name":"Federation University Australia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006643","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Mental health issues were the fourth leading cause of disease burden in Australia in 2022. About 30% of Australia\u2019s population are migrants, whose mental health is poorly understood. We aimed to report the prevalence and risk factors of common mental health issues among non-refugee migrants in Australia.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2024 on mental health issues amongst migrants in Australia following the Arksey and O\u2019Malley\u2019s methodological framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Out of 3122 titles retrieved on mental health issues among migrants in Australia, 30 papers were selected. Migrants from Greece reported the highest prevalence (43.1%) of anxiety disorders than Australian-born (15.8%). The highest prevalence of psychological distress and depression were found amongst migrants from Lebanon (33%) and China (19%), respectively. Migrants from North-Africa, the Middle East, Italy, Greece, and Europe experienced a higher prevalence of psychological distress (18.2\u201321.9%) than Australian-born (12.4%). Prevalence of depression was higher among migrants from non-English-speaking backgrounds (19.7% vs. 10%), Sub-Saharan Africa (18.8% vs. 9.3%), Italy (18% vs. 10%), Greece (17.1% vs. 4.1%), and China (10% vs. 3%), compared to Australian-born people, respectively. The way that risk factors were reported differed across studies. Anxiety disorders were associated with higher stress (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), unemployment (OR 1.8, 95%CI:1.4\u20132.4), female gender (OR 2.13, 95%CI:1.64\u20132.76) unmarried status (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and poor physical health status (OR 7.35, 95%CI:3.86\u201314.01). Psychological distress was associated with being a single woman (OR 6.54, 95%CI:1.18\u201335.3), holding a temporary visa (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), being economically inactive (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and having rare contact with friends (AOR 2.083, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Depression was associated with migrants who were never married (OR 4.11, 95%CI:1.59\u201310.65), younger or older (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), female (OR 2.3, 95%CI:1.9\u20132.7), from non-English speaking countries (OR 2.41, 95%CI:1.14\u20135.10) and reported poor physical health (OR 3.55, 95%CI:1.60\u20137.88).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The high prevalence of mental health issues among non-refugee migrants necessitates revisiting strategies to tailor interventions appropriate for their mental health needs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-025-02850-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T09:19:54Z","timestamp":1739956794000},"page":"1515-1540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Common Mental health issues among non-refugee migrants in Australia: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Pritimoy","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6739-0152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colette","family":"Browning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1665-7966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Aziz","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2850_CR1","unstructured":"IOM. World Migration Report: International organization for migration 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.iom.int\/wmr\/interactive. Accessed 7 July 2022"},{"key":"2850_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(84)90263-6","author":"J Krupinski","year":"1984","unstructured":"Krupinski J (1984) Changing patterns of migration to Australia and their influence on the health of migrants. Social Sci Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0277-9536(84)90263-6","journal-title":"Social Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2850_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.2307\/20634490","volume":"44","author":"H McQueen","year":"1972","unstructured":"McQueen H (1972) An end to the white Australia policy. Aust Q 44(1):92\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/20634490","journal-title":"Aust Q"},{"key":"2850_CR4","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Peace psychology in Australia Peace Psychology Book series","author":"B Brock","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brock B (2012) Immigration, multiculturalism and the changing face of Australia. Peace psychology in Australia Peace Psychology Book series. Springer, Boston, pp 55\u201370"},{"key":"2850_CR5","unstructured":"ABS. Cultural Diversity [Webpage]. Australian bureau of statistics; 2017. Available from: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/ausstats\/abs@.nsf\/Latestproducts\/2024.0Main%20Features22016. Accessed 14 August 2022"},{"key":"2850_CR6","unstructured":"ABS. Migration, Australia: Australian bureau of statistics; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/people\/population\/migration-australia\/latest-release. Accessed 7 July 2022"},{"key":"2850_CR7","unstructured":"ABS 2023 Australian Bureau of Statistics. Temporary visa holders in Australia.: Australian Bureau of Statistics. Available from: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/people\/people-and-communities\/temporary-visa-holders-australia\/2021. 11 Aug 2024"},{"key":"2850_CR8","unstructured":"ABS 2023 Australian Bureau of Statistics: Permanent migrants in Australia: Australian Bureau of Statistics. Available from: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/people\/people-and-communities\/permanent-migrants-australia\/latest-release#visa-transitions. 11 Aug 2024"},{"key":"2850_CR9","unstructured":"UNHCR 2023 United nations high commissioner for refugees: Australia: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Available from: https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/au\/countries\/australia. 11 Aug 2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"2850_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/S40471-017-0111-2","volume":"4","author":"M Alegr\u00eda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alegr\u00eda M, \u00c1lvarez K, DiMarzio K (2017) Immigration and Mental Health. Currnt Epidemiol Rep 4(2):145\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S40471-017-0111-2","journal-title":"Currnt Epidemiol Rep"},{"key":"2850_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1146\/ANNUREV-PUBLHEALTH-032013-182419","volume":"36","author":"H Casta\u00f1eda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Casta\u00f1eda H, Holmes SM, Madrigal DS, Young MEDT, Beyeler N, Quesada J (2015) Immigration as a social determinant of health. Ann Rev Public Health 36:375\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/ANNUREV-PUBLHEALTH-032013-182419","journal-title":"Ann Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2850_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/AJPY.12113","volume":"69","author":"S Logan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Logan S, Rouen D, Wagner R, Steel Z, Hunt C (2020) Mental health service use and ethnicity: an analysis of service use and time to access treatment by South East Asian-, Middle Eastern-, and Australian-born patients within Sydney Australia. Australian J Psychol 69(1):12\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/AJPY.12113","journal-title":"Australian J Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2850_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/pra.0000000000000612","volume":"28","author":"M Arega","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arega M, Linggonegoro DW, Dee EC, Torous J (2022) Financial worry and psychological distress among immigrants in the United States, 2013\u20132018. J Psychiatr Pract 28(2):117\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/pra.0000000000000612","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2850_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-009-9261-0","volume":"47","author":"KS Bernstein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bernstein KS, Park SY, Shin J, Cho S, Park Y (2011) Acculturation, discrimination and depressive symptoms among Korean immigrants in New York City. Community Ment Health J 47(1):24\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10597-009-9261-0","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2850_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.21.PubMedPMID:21464367;PubMedCentralPMCID:PMCPMC3733092","volume":"68","author":"J Breslau","year":"2011","unstructured":"Breslau J, Borges G, Tancredi D, Saito N, Kravitz R, Hinton L et al (2011) Migration from Mexico to the United States and subsequent risk for depressive and anxiety disorders: a cross-national study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68(4):428\u2013433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.21.PubMedPMID:21464367;PubMedCentralPMCID:PMCPMC3733092","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"2850_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.01.035","volume":"75","author":"DA John","year":"2012","unstructured":"John DA, de Castro AB, Martin DP, Duran B, Takeuchi DT (2012) Does an immigrant health paradox exist among Asian Americans? Associations of nativity and occupational class with self-rated health and mental disorders. Soc Sci Med 75(12):2085\u20132098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.01.035","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2850_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032105","volume":"81","author":"AS Lau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lau AS, Tsai W, Shih J, Liu LL, Hwang WC, Takeuchi DT (2013) The immigrant paradox among Asian American women: are disparities in the burden of depression and anxiety paradoxical or explicable? J Consult Clin Psychol 81(5):901\u2013911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0032105","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"suppl_5","key":"2850_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cky202","volume":"28","author":"A Gkiouleka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gkiouleka A, Avrami L, Kostaki A, Huijts T, Eikemo TA, Stathopoulou T (2018) Depressive symptoms among migrants and non-migrants in Europe: documenting and explaining inequalities in times of socio-economic instability. Eur J Public Health 28(suppl_5):54\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/cky202","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"2850_CR19","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) Seattle, WA GBD Compare. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington; 2019. Available from: https:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/gbd-compare\/. 7 Jul 2022"},{"key":"2850_CR20","unstructured":"AIHW 2022 Mental health: prevalence and impact: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Available from: https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/mental-health-services\/mental-health. 7 Jul 2022"},{"key":"2850_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100311","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SSMPH.2018.10.011","volume":"7","author":"R Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee R (2019) Does the healthy immigrant effect apply to mental health? Examining the effects of immigrant generation and racial and ethnic background among Australian adults. SSM\u2014Popul Health 7:100311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SSMPH.2018.10.011","journal-title":"SSM\u2014Popul Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2850_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/S10680-017-9439-Z\/TABLES\/9","volume":"34","author":"S Jatrana","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jatrana S, Richardson K, Pasupuleti SSR (2018) Investigating the Dynamics of Migration and Health in Australia: a Longitudinal Study. Eur J Popul 34(4):519\u2013565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10680-017-9439-Z\/TABLES\/9","journal-title":"Eur J Popul"},{"key":"2850_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1111","volume":"14","author":"M Straiton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Straiton M, Grant JF, Winefield HR, Taylor A (2014) Mental health in immigrant men and women in Australia: the North West Adelaide Health Study. BMC Public Health 14:1111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1111. (PubMed PMID: 25349060)","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2850_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IJERPH15091986","author":"SQ Foo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Foo SQ, Tam WW, Ho CS, Tran BX, Nguyen LH, McIntyre RS et al (2018) Prevalence of depression among migrants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJERPH15091986","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2850_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856212458980","volume":"20","author":"R Maheshwari","year":"2012","unstructured":"Maheshwari R, Steel Z (2012) Mental health, service use and social capital among Indian-Australians: findings of a wellbeing survey. Australas Psychiatry 20(5):384\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1039856212458980","journal-title":"Australas Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2850_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/jrs\/feq038","volume":"23","author":"M McKeary","year":"2010","unstructured":"McKeary M, Newbold B (2010) Barriers to care: the challenges for canadian refugees and their health care providers. J Refug Stud 23(4):523\u2013545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jrs\/feq038","journal-title":"J Refug Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"2850_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12401","volume":"27","author":"TV McCann","year":"2018","unstructured":"McCann TV, Renzaho A, Mugavin J, Lubman DI (2018) Stigma of mental illness and substance misuse in sub-Saharan African migrants: a qualitative study. Int J Ment Health Nurs 27(3):956\u2013965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/inm.12401","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"2850_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22605\/rrh1795","author":"CC Unger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Unger CC, Warren N, Canway R, Manderson L, Grigg K (2011) Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and the utilisation of primary care in urban and regional settings. Rural Remote Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22605\/rrh1795","journal-title":"Rural Remote Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"2850_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867420981414","volume":"55","author":"H Tabatabaei-Jafari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tabatabaei-Jafari H, Zulfiqar T, Welsh J, Bagheri N (2021) The association between living in socially fragmented neighbourhoods and psychological distress among immigrant and non-immigrant people aged 45 and over in NSW, Australia. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 55(9):883\u2013891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0004867420981414","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2850_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/67013","author":"M Marceca","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marceca M (2017) Migration and health from a. Public health perspective people\u2019s movements in the 21st century\u2014risks. Challenges and Benefits InTechOpen. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/67013","journal-title":"Challenges and Benefits. InTechOpen"},{"issue":"9","key":"2850_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1614.2004.01445.x","volume":"38","author":"LA Kiropoulos","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kiropoulos LA, Klimidis S, Minas H (2004) Depression and anxiety: a comparison of older-aged Greek-born immigrants and Anglo-Australians. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 38(9):714\u2013724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1614.2004.01445.x","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"2850_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610216001010","volume":"28","author":"X Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin X, Bryant C, Boldero J, Dow B (2016) Psychological well-being of older Chinese immigrants living in Australia: a comparison with older Caucasians. Int Psychogeriatr 28(10):1671\u20131679","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"2850_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2021.06.008","volume":"84","author":"A Demutska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Demutska A, Kiropoulos L (2021) Depression and anxiety symptoms in Russian-speaking skilled immigrants living in Australia: a comparison with Anglo-Australians and Russian-speaking non-immigrants. Int J Intercult Relat 84:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2021.06.008","journal-title":"Int J Intercult Relat"},{"issue":"3","key":"2850_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03456.x","volume":"192","author":"FF Stanaway","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stanaway FF, Cumming RG, Naganathan V, Blyth FM, Creasey HM, Waite LM et al (2010) Depressive symptoms in older male Italian immigrants in Australia: the concord health and ageing in men project. Med J Aust 192(3):158\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03456.x","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"2","key":"2850_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.5172\/hesr.13.2.145","volume":"13","author":"R Alati","year":"2004","unstructured":"Alati R, Najman J, Williams G (2004) The mental health of Filipino-born women 5 and 14\u00a0years after they have given birth in Australia: a longitudinal study. Health Sociol Rev 13(2):145\u2013156","journal-title":"Health Sociol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2850_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.5172\/jamh.2011.10.2.106","volume":"10","author":"S Sharma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sharma S (2012) Psychological distress among Australians and immigrants: findings from the 2007 national survey of mental health and wellbeing. Adv Ment Health 10(2):106\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5172\/jamh.2011.10.2.106","journal-title":"Adv Ment Health"},{"key":"2850_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002713","author":"X Feng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Feng X, Astell-Burt T, Kolt GS (2013) Do social interactions explain ethnic differences in psychological distress and the protective effect of local ethnic density? A cross-sectional study of 226 487 adults in Australia. BMJ Open. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002713","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"2850_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","volume":"8","author":"H Arksey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Arksey H, O\u2019Malley L (2007) Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol 8(1):19\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1364557032000119616","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"key":"2850_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69.PubMed","volume":"5","author":"D Levac","year":"2010","unstructured":"Levac D, Colquhoun H, O\u2019Brien KK (2010) Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement Sci 5:69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69.PubMed","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2850_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000050","volume":"13","author":"MDJ Peters","year":"2015","unstructured":"Peters MDJ, Godfrey CM, Khalil H, McInerney P, Parker D, Soares CB (2015) Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. Int J Evid Based Healthc 13(3):141\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000050","journal-title":"Int J Evid Based Healthc"},{"issue":"7","key":"2850_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O\u2019Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D et al (2018) PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med 169(7):467\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M18-0850","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2850_CR42","unstructured":"ABS. Migrant Data Matrices: Australian Bureau of Statistics; 2012 [cited 2022 1st Setember 2022]. Available from: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/AUSSTATS\/abs@.nsf\/Lookup\/3415.0Glossary12012?OpenDocument."},{"key":"2850_CR43","unstructured":"Burgess A. Australian health cohorts. 2017"},{"key":"2850_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315623399","volume-title":"Global migration: patterns, processes, and politics. ProQuest","author":"E Mavroudi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mavroudi E, Nagel CR (2016) Global migration: patterns, processes, and politics. ProQuest. New York, NY, Routledge, London"},{"key":"2850_CR45","unstructured":"APH. Refugee resettlement to Australia: what are the facts?: Parliament of Australia; 2016. Available from: https:\/\/www.aph.gov.au\/about_parliament\/parliamentary_departments\/parliamentary_library\/pubs\/rp\/rp1617\/refugeeresettlement. Accessed 15 Aug 2022"},{"key":"2850_CR46","unstructured":"Covidence systematic review software, Veritas Health Innovation, Melbourne, Australia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2850_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147601","volume":"11","author":"PA Modesti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Modesti PA, Reboldi G, Cappuccio FP, Agyemang C, Remuzzi G, Rapi S et al (2016) Panethnic differences in blood pressure in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 11(1):e0147601","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"2850_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1614.2002.01070.x","volume":"36","author":"S Thompson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Thompson S, Hartel G, Manderson L, Woelz-Stirling N, Kelaher M (2002) The mental health status of Filipinas in Queensland. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 36(5):674\u2013680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1440-1614.2002.01070.x. (PubMed PMID: 12225453)","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2850_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006074","volume":"32","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Andrews G, Colpe LJ, Hiripi E, Mroczek DK, Normand S-L et al (2002) Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychol Med 32(6):959\u2013976","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2850_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/18.1.71","volume":"18","author":"E Comino","year":"2001","unstructured":"Comino E, Silove D, Manicavasagar V, Harris E, Harris M (2001) Agreement in symptoms of anxiety and depression between patients and GPs: the influence of ethnicity. Fam Pract 18(1):71\u201377","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"2850_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/15564900701238526","volume":"2","author":"NG Khawaja","year":"2007","unstructured":"Khawaja NG (2007) An investigation of the psychological distress of muslim migrants in Australia. J Muslim Mental Health 2(2):39\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15564900701238526","journal-title":"J Muslim Mental Health"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2850_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.07.002","volume":"98","author":"KL Chou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chou KL (2007) Psychological distress in migrants in Australia over 50 years old: a longitudinal investigation. J Affect Disord 98(1\u20132):99\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2006.07.002","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"2850_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.050906","volume":"194","author":"Z Steel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Steel Z, Silove D, Giao NM, Phan TTB, Chey T, Whelan A et al (2009) International and indigenous diagnoses of mental disorder among Vietnamese living in Vietnam and Australia. The British J Psychiatr: J Mental Sci 194(4):326\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.050906. (PubMed PMID: 19336784)","journal-title":"The British J Psychiatr: J Mental Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2850_CR54","first-page":"552","volume":"38","author":"GW-G Tang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tang GW-G, Dennis S, Comino E, Zwar N (2009) Anxiety and depression in Chinese patients attending an Australian GP clinic. Australian Family Phys 38(7):552\u2013555","journal-title":"Australian Family Phys"},{"issue":"12","key":"2850_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2012.07.018","volume":"21","author":"LA Kiropoulos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kiropoulos LA, Meredith I, Tonkin A, Clarke D, Antonis P, Plunkett J (2012) Increased psychosocial stress in Greek-born immigrants compared to Anglo-Australians with coronary heart disease: the healthy heart, healthy mind study. Heart Lung Circ 21(12):794\u2013802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hlc.2012.07.018. (PubMed PMID: 22921796)","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ"},{"key":"2850_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-13-329","volume":"13","author":"BJ Liddell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liddell BJ, Chey T, Silove D, Phan TTB, Giao NM, Steel Z (2013) Patterns of risk for anxiety-depression amongst Vietnamese-immigrants: a comparison with source and host populations. BMC Psychiatry 13:329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-244X-13-329. (PubMed PMID: 24294940)","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2850_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2337\/diaclin.32.4.163","volume":"32","author":"Z Meng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meng Z, Molyneaux L, McGill M, Shen X, Yue DK (2014) Impact of sociodemographic and diabetes-related factors on the presence and severity of depression in immigrant Chinese Australian people with diabetes. Clinical Diabetes 32(4):163\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diaclin.32.4.163","journal-title":"Clinical Diabetes"},{"key":"2850_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1661-1","volume":"15","author":"AS Ferdinand","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ferdinand AS, Paradies Y, Kelaher M (2015) Mental health impacts of racial discrimination in Australian culturally and linguistically diverse communities: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health 15:1\u201314","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2850_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/prp.2016.1","volume":"10","author":"NG Khawaja","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khawaja NG, Yang S, Cockshaw W (2016) Taiwanese migrants in Australia: an investigation of their acculturation and wellbeing. J Pac Rim Psychol 10:e4","journal-title":"J Pac Rim Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2850_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/ajpy.12099","volume":"68","author":"J Hu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hu J, Wang Z (2016) Exploring the associated factors of elevated psychological distress in a community residing sample of Australian Chinese migrants. Aust J Psychol 68(2):116\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajpy.12099","journal-title":"Aust J Psychol"},{"key":"2850_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.08.006","volume":"118","author":"BJ Liddell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liddell BJ, Nickerson A, Sartor L, Ivancic L, Bryant RA (2019) The generational gap: mental disorder prevalence and disability amongst first and second generation immigrants in Australia (vol 83, pg 103, 2016). J Psychiatr Res 118:7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.08.006","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2850_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/17542863.2016.1270977","volume":"10","author":"A Hosseini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hosseini A, Kakuma R, Ghazinour M, Davern M, Evans WP, Minas H (2017) Migration experience, resilience and depression: a study of Iranian immigrants living in Australia. Int J Cult Ment Health 10(1):108\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17542863.2016.1270977","journal-title":"Int J Cult Ment Health"},{"key":"2850_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-017-0590-8","volume":"20","author":"S Nahidi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nahidi S, Blignault I, Hayen A, Razee H (2018) Psychological distress in Iranian international students at an Australian university. J Immigr Minor Health 20:651\u2013657","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2850_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610217002332","volume":"30","author":"B Dow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dow B, Lin X, Pachana NA, Bryant C, LoGiudice D, Goh AM et al (2018) Reliability, concurrent validity, and cultural adaptation of the geriatric depression scale and the geriatric anxiety inventory for detecting depression and anxiety symptoms among older chinese immigrants: an Australian study. Int Psychogeriatr 30(5):735\u2013748","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2850_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-018-9961-7","volume":"20","author":"DR du Plooy","year":"2019","unstructured":"du Plooy DR, Lyons A, Kashima ES (2019) Predictors of flourishing and psychological distress among migrants to australia: a dual continuum approach. J Happiness Stud 20(2):561\u2013578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10902-018-9961-7","journal-title":"J Happiness Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"2850_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01782-y","volume":"55","author":"B Brijnath","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brijnath B, Antoniades J, Temple J (2020) Psychological distress among migrant groups in Australia: results from the 2015 National Health Survey. Soc Psychiatr Psychiatr Epidemiol 55(4):467\u2013475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-019-01782-y","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatr Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2850_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-020-00624-w","volume":"16","author":"MA Rahman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rahman MA, Hoque N, Alif SM, Salehin M, Islam SMS, Banik B et al (2020) Factors associated with psychological distress, fear and coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. Global Health 16(1):95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12992-020-00624-w","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2850_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-020-01131-1","volume":"23","author":"PI Bilal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bilal PI, Chan CKY, Somerset SM (2021) Depression mediates association between perceived ethnic discrimination and elevated blood glucose levels among sub-saharan african migrants in Australia. J Immigr Minor Health 23(2):199\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903-020-01131-1. (PubMed PMID: 33385270)","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2850_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3109\/09638237.2015.1078881","volume":"24","author":"CT Hilario","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hilario CT, Oliffe JL, Wong JP-H, Browne AJ, Johnson JL (2015) Migration and young people\u2019s mental health in Canada: a scoping review. J Mental Health 24(6):414\u2013422","journal-title":"J Mental Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2850_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-polisci-082012-115925","volume":"17","author":"RM Dancygier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dancygier RM, Laitin DD (2014) Immigration into Europe: economic discrimination, violence, and public policy. Annu Rev Polit Sci 17(1):43\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-polisci-082012-115925","journal-title":"Annu Rev Polit Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2850_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1111\/pops.12588","volume":"40","author":"A Kustov","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kustov A (2019) Is there a backlash against immigration from richer countries? International hierarchy and the limits of group threat. Polit Psychol 40(5):973\u20131000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pops.12588","journal-title":"Polit Psychol"},{"key":"2850_CR72","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Reino M 2022 Migrants and discrimination in the UK. The migration observatory. The migration observatory, 2020 5th Sept. 2022. Report No"},{"key":"2850_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2021.2224","volume":"64","author":"CA-O Montemitro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Montemitro CA-O, D\u2019Andrea GA-OX, Cesa FA-O, Martinotti G, Pettorruso M, Di Giannantonio M et al (2021) Language proficiency and mental disorders among migrants: a systematic review. Euro Psychiatr 64:49","journal-title":"Euro Psychiatr"},{"key":"2850_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9730162","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9730162","volume":"2016","author":"M Delara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Delara M (2016) Social determinants of immigrant women\u2019s mental health. Advances in Public Health 2016:9730162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/9730162","journal-title":"Advances in Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2850_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2011.637912","volume":"23","author":"J Riedel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Riedel J, Wiesmann U, Hannich H-J (2011) An integrative theoretical framework of acculturation and salutogenesis. Int Rev Psychiatry 23(6):555\u2013564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/09540261.2011.637912","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2850_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.15","volume":"68","author":"J Sareen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sareen J, Afifi TO, McMillan KA, Asmundson GJG (2011) Relationship between household income and mental disorders: findings from a population-based longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68(4):419\u2013427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.15","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2850_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20492","volume":"17","author":"V Patel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Patel V, Burns JK, Dhingra M, Tarver L, Kohrt BA, Lund C (2018) Income inequality and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association and a scoping review of mechanisms. World Psychiatry 17:76\u201389","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"2850_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.049","volume":"175","author":"ZI Santini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Santini ZI, Koyanagi A, Tyrovolas S, Mason C, Haro JM (2015) The association between social relationships and depression: a systematic review. J Affective Disorders. 175:53\u201365","journal-title":"J Affective Disorders."},{"key":"2850_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2017.07.035","volume":"152","author":"N Leigh-Hunt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leigh-Hunt N, Bagguley D, Bash K, Turner V, Turnbull S, Valtorta N et al (2017) An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness. Public Health 152:157\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2017.07.035","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"15","key":"2850_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5797","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219686110","volume":"110","author":"A Steptoe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Steptoe A, Shankar A, Demakakos P, Wardle J (2013) Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women. Proc Natl Acad Sci 110(15):5797\u20135801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1219686110","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2850_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10615-019-00728-w","volume":"48","author":"J Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee J, Hong J, Zhou Y, Robles G (2020) The Relationships between loneliness, social support, and resilience among latinx immigrants in the United States. Clin Soc Work J 48(1):99\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10615-019-00728-w","journal-title":"Clin Soc Work J"},{"key":"2850_CR82","unstructured":"ABS. Australia's Population by Country of Birth: Australian Bureau of Statistics; 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/people\/population\/australias-population-country-birth\/latest-release. Accessed 27 Sept 2022"},{"key":"2850_CR83","first-page":"317","volume":"16","author":"S Kennedy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kennedy S, Kidd MP, McDonald JT, Biddle N (2015) The healthy immigrant effect: patterns and evidence from four countries. J Int Migr Integr 16:317\u2013332","journal-title":"J Int Migr Integr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2850_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-017-0159-x","volume":"11","author":"T De Silva","year":"2017","unstructured":"De Silva T, Prakash A, Yarlagadda S, Johns MD, Sandy K, Hansen V et al (2017) General practitioners\u2019 experiences and perceptions of mild moderate depression management and factors influencing effective service delivery in rural Australian communities: a qualitative study. Int J Ment Heal Syst 11(1):54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13033-017-0159-x","journal-title":"Int J Ment Heal Syst"},{"key":"2850_CR85","unstructured":"Probst JC, Laditka Sb Fau - Moore CG, Moore Cg Fau - Harun N, Harun N Fau - Powell MP, Powell Mp Fau - Baxley EG, Baxley EG. Rural-urban differences in depression prevalence: implications for family medicine. 2006;(0742\u20133225 (Print))."},{"key":"2850_CR86","unstructured":"AIHW. Rural and remote health. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. AIHW, 2022"},{"key":"2850_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-8-8","volume":"8","author":"J Garc\u00eda-Campayo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Campayo J, Zamorano E, Ruiz MA, Pardo A, P\u00e9rez-P\u00e1ramo M, L\u00f3pez-G\u00f3mez V et al (2010) Cultural adaptation into Spanish of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale as a screening tool. Health Qual Life Outcomes 8:1\u201311","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"2850_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11013-006-9043-x","volume":"31","author":"DE Cort\u00e9s","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cort\u00e9s DE, Gerena M, Canino G, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Febo V, Maga\u00f1a C et al (2007) Translation and cultural adaptation of a mental health outcome measure: the Basis-R\u00a9. Cult Med Psychiatry 31:25\u201349","journal-title":"Cult Med Psychiatry"},{"key":"2850_CR89","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"LM Jesus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jesus LM, Valente AR (2016) Cross-cultural adaptation of health assessment instruments. University of Aveiro, Portugal 8:1\u20135","journal-title":"University of Aveiro, Portugal"}],"container-title":["Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-025-02850-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00127-025-02850-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-025-02850-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T09:06:26Z","timestamp":1752138386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00127-025-02850-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["2850"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-025-02850-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0933-7954","1433-9285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0933-7954","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-9285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}},{"value":"This study does not require ethical approval since the scoping review methodology aims at synthesizing information from secondary data sources (publications).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical aaproval"}}]}}