{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:31:07Z","timestamp":1789425067329,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"US Army Medical and Material Command\u2019s Military Operational Medicine Research Program","award":["M220114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M220114"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Firearms are the primary method by which US military personnel die by suicide, and those at highest risk tend to store firearms unsafely. Promoting secure firearm storage practices is a major component of the Department of Defense\u2019s suicide prevention strategy, but perceptions about firearms being associated with suicide risk may impact such efforts.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study examined perceptions that (1) firearm ownership and (2) storage practices are associated with suicide risk and whether key sociopsychological factors (e.g., entrapment, threat perceptions, honor ideology) were associated with these beliefs in a sample of Active Duty (AD) enlisted Army personnel. We then examined if associations varied as a function of firearm ownership or a lifetime history of suicidal thoughts and\/or behaviors (STBs).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Survey data about sociopsychological factors and ownership-suicide risk beliefs and storage-suicide risk beliefs were collected from 399 AD Army personnel. Multiple regression and multigroup path analyses were used.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Greater intolerance of uncertainty and entrapment, and weaker honor ideology, were associated with greater ownership-suicide risk beliefs, whereas being a parent of a minor child was linked with weaker ownership-suicide risk beliefs. None of the variables examined were associated with storage-suicide risk beliefs. Participants with a lifetime history of STBs who had higher threat perceptions endorsed weaker ownership-suicide risk beliefs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>AD Army personnel may tend to believe that firearm ownership and storage practices are largely unrelated to suicide risk. More tailored messaging and suicide-gun violence prevention efforts are likely needed. Findings have important implications for military suicide prevention efforts.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-025-02858-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T13:16:07Z","timestamp":1739538967000},"page":"1625-1637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["How do active duty army personnel view the relationships between firearms and suicide? The role of sociopsychological factors, firearm ownership status, and lifetime history of suicidal thoughts and behaviors"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7094-0725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha E.","family":"Daruwala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9256-6113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymond","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9714-0733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig J.","family":"Bryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael N.","family":"Dretsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7464-5050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Trachik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6605-4648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie L.","family":"Bozzay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2858_CR1","unstructured":"Department of Defense Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness (2023) Annual Report on Suicide in the Military, Calendar Year 2022. Department of Defense"},{"key":"2858_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2003.017343","volume":"58","author":"ED Shenassa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shenassa ED, Rogers ML, Spalding KL, Roberts MB (2004) Safer storage of firearms at home and risk of suicide: a study of protective factors in a nationally representative sample. J Epidemiol Community Health 58:841\u2013848. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.2003.017343","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2858_CR3","volume-title":"Preventing suicide in the U.S","author":"G Iwamasa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Iwamasa G, Blais R, Bryan C et al (2024) Preventing suicide in the U.S. Recommendations from the Suicide Prevention and Response Independent Review Committee, Military"},{"key":"2858_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1037\/mil0000099","volume":"28","author":"LR Khazem","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khazem LR, Houtsma C, Gratz KL et al (2015) Firearms matter: the moderating role of firearm storage in the association between current suicidal ideation and likelihood of future suicide attempts among United States military personnel. Military Psychol 28:25\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/mil0000099","journal-title":"Military Psychol"},{"key":"2858_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anestis MD, Bond AE, Capron DW et al (2023) Differences in firearm storage practices among United States military servicemembers who have and have not disclosed suicidal thoughts or attended behavioral health sessions. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior n\/a: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sltb.12940","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12940"},{"key":"2858_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-1301","volume":"160","author":"A Anglemyer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anglemyer A, Horvath T, Rutherford G (2014) The accessibility of firearms and risk for suicide and homicide victimization among household members: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 160:101\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M13-1301","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2858_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03470210057032","volume":"266","author":"DA Brent","year":"1991","unstructured":"Brent DA (1991) The Presence and Accessibility of firearms in the homes of adolescent suicides: a case-control study. JAMA 266:2989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1991.03470210057032","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2858_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt197","volume":"178","author":"M Miller","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miller M, Barber C, White RA, Azrael D (2013) Firearms and suicide in the United States: is risk independent of underlying suicidal behavior? Am J Epidemiol 178:946\u2013955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwt197","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2858_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113277","volume":"291","author":"MD Anestis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anestis MD, Bandel SL, Butterworth SE et al (2020) Suicide risk and firearm ownership and storage behavior in a large military sample. Psychiatry Res 291:113277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113277","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2858_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e199160","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.9160","volume":"2","author":"CJ Bryan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bryan CJ, Bryan AO, Anestis MD et al (2019) Firearm availability and storage practices among military personnel who have thought about suicide. JAMA Netw Open 2:e199160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.9160","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2858_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e195383","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.5383","volume":"2","author":"CL Dempsey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dempsey CL, Benedek DM, Zuromski KL et al (2019) Association of firearm ownership, use, accessibility, and storage practices with suicide risk among US army soldiers. JAMA Netw Open 2:e195383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.5383","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2858_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-2348","volume":"168","author":"A Conner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Conner A, Azrael D, Miller M (2018) Public opinion about the relationship between firearm availability and suicide: results from a national survey. Ann Intern Med 168:153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M17-2348","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2858_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.11.057","volume":"227","author":"MD Anestis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anestis MD, Butterworth SE, Houtsma C (2018) Perceptions of firearms and suicide: the role of misinformation in storage practices and openness to means safety measures. J Affect Disord 227:530\u2013535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2017.11.057","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2858_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12463","volume":"49","author":"JA Simonetti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simonetti JA, Azrael D, Miller M (2019) Firearm storage practices and risk perceptions among a nationally representative sample of U.S. veterans with and without self-harm risk factors. Suicide Life Threat Behav 49:653\u2013664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sltb.12463","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat Behav"},{"key":"2858_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12509","volume":"49","author":"MD Anestis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anestis MD, Daruwala S, Capron DW (2019) Firearm ownership, means safety, and suicidality. Suicide Life Threat Behav 49:1044\u20131057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sltb.12509","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat Behav"},{"key":"2858_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.12.82","volume":"12","author":"RN Carleton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carleton RN (2012) The intolerance of uncertainty construct in the context of anxiety disorders: theoretical and practical perspectives. Expert Rev Neurother 12:937\u2013947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/ern.12.82","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"2858_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691619898847","volume":"15","author":"N Buttrick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buttrick N (2020) Protective gun ownership as a coping mechanism. Perspect Psychol Sci 15:835\u2013855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691619898847","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2858_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.033","volume":"133","author":"MD Anestis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anestis MD, Bryan CJ (2021) Threat perceptions and the intention to acquire firearms. J Psychiatr Res 133:113\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.033","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2858_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.09.004","volume":"131","author":"CJ Bryan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bryan CJ, Bryan AO, Anestis MD (2020) Associations among exaggerated threat perceptions, suicidal thoughts, and suicidal behaviors in U.S. firearm owners. J Psychiatr Res 131:94\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.09.004","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2858_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2023.102269","volume":"34","author":"DC Semenza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Semenza DC, Magee LA, Anestis MD, Buggs SAL (2023) Identity, experience, and threat: assessing key correlates of firearm ownership and related behaviors in a representative sample of five US States. Prev Med Rep 34:102269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmedr.2023.102269","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"2858_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.05.038","author":"MD Anestis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anestis MD, Bandel SL, Bond AE, Bryan CJ (2023) Threat sensitivity, intolerance of uncertainty, and firearm purchasing during a firearm purchasing surge. J Psychiatr Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.05.038","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2858_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-023-01413-z","author":"NP Allan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Allan NP, Gorka SM, Saulnier KG, Bryan CJ (2023) Anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty: transdiagnostic risk factors for anxiety as targets to reduce risk of suicide. Curr Psychiatry Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-023-01413-z","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"2858_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798006710","volume":"28","author":"P Gilbert","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gilbert P, Allan S (1998) The role of defeat and entrapment (arrested flight) in depression: an exploration of an evolutionary view. Psychol Med 28:585\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291798006710","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2858_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.05.046","volume":"184","author":"AP Siddaway","year":"2015","unstructured":"Siddaway AP, Taylor PJ, Wood AM, Schulz J (2015) A meta-analysis of perceptions of defeat and entrapment in depression, anxiety problems, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicidality. J Affect Disord 184:149\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2015.05.046","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2858_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1348\/147608303765951203","volume":"76","author":"P Gilbert","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gilbert P, Gilbert J (2003) Entrapment and arrested fight and flight in depression: an exploration using focus groups. Psychol Psychother 76:173\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/147608303765951203","journal-title":"Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"2858_CR26","volume-title":"Cry of pain: understanding suicide and self-harm, 1. Publ","author":"M Williams","year":"1997","unstructured":"Williams M (1997) Cry of pain: understanding suicide and self-harm, 1. Publ. Penguin Books, London"},{"key":"2858_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167212443383","volume":"38","author":"CD Barnes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barnes CD, Brown RP, Osterman LL (2012) Don\u2019t tread on me: masculine honor ideology in the U.S. and militant responses to terrorism. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 38:1018\u20131029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167212443383","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2858_CR28","volume-title":"Honor bound: how a cultural ideal has shaped the American psyche, Paperback edition","author":"RP Brown","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brown RP (2018) Honor bound: how a cultural ideal has shaped the American psyche, Paperback edition. Oxford University Press, New York, NY"},{"key":"2858_CR29","volume-title":"Culture of honor: the psychology of violence in the South","author":"RE Nisbett","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nisbett RE, Cohen D (1996) Culture of honor: the psychology of violence in the South. Westview, Boulder, CO"},{"key":"2858_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/01973533.2014.882259","volume":"36","author":"RP Brown","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brown RP, Imura M, Osterman LL (2014) Gun culture: mapping a peculiar preference for firearms in the commission of suicide. Basic Appl Soc Psych 36:164\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01973533.2014.882259","journal-title":"Basic Appl Soc Psych"},{"key":"2858_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bock JE, Daruwala SE, Tucker RP et al (2024) Honor endorsement and increased Firearm Purchasing Behavior and intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychol Rep 00332941241255323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00332941241255323","DOI":"10.1177\/00332941241255323"},{"key":"2858_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12807","volume":"51","author":"JE Bock","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bock JE, Tucker RP, Brown RP et al (2021) Factors contributing to honor-endorsing men\u2019s suicide capability: firearm ownership, practical capability, and exposure to painful and provocative events. Suicide Life Threat Behav 51:1247\u20131258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sltb.12807","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat Behav"},{"key":"2858_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tucker R, Bock JE, Gerner JL et al (2024) Honor ideology and private firearm ownership in US active-duty soldiers. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ip-2024-045256. Inj Prev ip\u20132024\u2013045256","DOI":"10.1136\/ip-2024-045256"},{"key":"2858_CR34","unstructured":"Joiner T (2005) Why people die by suicide. Harvard University Press"},{"key":"2858_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1521\/ijct.2015.8.2.114","volume":"8","author":"ED Klonsky","year":"2015","unstructured":"Klonsky ED, May AM (2015) The three-step theory (3ST): a new theory of suicide rooted in the ideation-to-action framework. Int J Cogn Therapy 8:114\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/ijct.2015.8.2.114","journal-title":"Int J Cogn Therapy"},{"key":"2858_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018697","volume":"117","author":"KA Van Orden","year":"2010","unstructured":"Van Orden KA, Witte TK, Cukrowicz KC et al (2010) The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychol Rev 117:575\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0018697","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2858_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.03.001","volume":"30","author":"TB Kashdan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kashdan TB, Rottenberg J (2010) Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clin Psychol Rev 30:865\u2013878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.03.001","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2858_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2011.03.007","volume":"42","author":"FW Bond","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bond FW, Hayes SC, Baer RA et al (2011) Preliminary Psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire\u2013II: a revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behav Ther 42:676\u2013688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beth.2011.03.007","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"key":"2858_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12388","volume":"48","author":"BB DeBeer","year":"2018","unstructured":"DeBeer BB, Meyer EC, Kimbrel NA et al (2018) Psychological inflexibility predicts of suicidal ideation over Time in Veterans of the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Suicide Life Threat Behav 48:627\u2013641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sltb.12388","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat Behav"},{"key":"2858_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2015.10.002","volume":"4","author":"CJ Bryan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bryan CJ, Ray-Sannerud B, Heron EA (2015) Psychological flexibility as a dimension of resilience for posttraumatic stress, depression, and risk for suicidal ideation among Air Force personnel. J Context Behav Sci 4:263\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcbs.2015.10.002","journal-title":"J Context Behav Sci"},{"key":"2858_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.76.1.72","volume":"76","author":"KA Van Orden","year":"2008","unstructured":"Van Orden KA, Witte TK, Gordon KH et al (2008) Suicidal desire and the capability for suicide: tests of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among adults. J Consult Clin Psychol 76:72\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006X.76.1.72","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2858_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112765","volume":"284","author":"D De Beurs","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Beurs D, Cleare S, Wetherall K et al (2020) Entrapment and suicide risk: the development of the 4-item Entrapment Scale Short-Form (E-SF). Psychiatry Res 284:112765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112765","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2858_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.03.014","volume":"21","author":"RN Carleton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carleton RN, Norton MAPJ, Asmundson GJG (2007) Fearing the unknown: a short version of the intolerance of uncertainty scale. J Anxiety Disord 21:105\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.03.014","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"2858_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191116685401","volume":"26","author":"SY Wells","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wells SY, Morland LA, Torres EM et al (2019) The development of a brief version of the posttraumatic cognitions inventory (PTCI-9). Assessment 26:193\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191116685401","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"2858_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.7.4.869","volume":"7","author":"H IJzerman","year":"2007","unstructured":"IJzerman H, Van Dijk WW, Gallucci M (2007) A bumpy train ride: a field experiment on insult, honor, and emotional reactions. Emotion 7:869\u2013875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1528-3542.7.4.869","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"2858_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000834","volume":"32","author":"TB Kashdan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kashdan TB, Disabato DJ, Goodman FR et al (2020) Understanding psychological flexibility: a multimethod exploration of pursuing valued goals despite the presence of distress. Psychol Assess 32:829\u2013850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000834","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"2858_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/107319110100800409","volume":"8","author":"A Osman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Osman A, Bagge CL, Gutierrez PM et al (2001) The suicidal behaviors Questionnaire-revised (SBQ-R):validation with clinical and nonclinical samples. Assessment 8:443\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107319110100800409","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"2858_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986031004437","volume":"31","author":"KJ Preacher","year":"2006","unstructured":"Preacher KJ, Curran PJ, Bauer DJ (2006) Computational tools for probing interactions in multiple Linear regression, Multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis. J Educational Behav Stat 31:437\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/10769986031004437","journal-title":"J Educational Behav Stat"},{"key":"2858_CR49","volume-title":"LISREL 7: a guide to the program and applications","author":"KG J\u00f6reskog","year":"1989","unstructured":"J\u00f6reskog KG, S\u00f6rbom D (1989) LISREL 7: a guide to the program and applications. SPSS, Chicago, IL"},{"key":"2858_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","volume":"107","author":"PM Bentler","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bentler PM (1990) Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychol Bull 107:238\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2858_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291170","volume":"38","author":"LR Tucker","year":"1973","unstructured":"Tucker LR, Lewis C (1973) A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika 38:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02291170","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"2858_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr2502_4","volume":"25","author":"JH Steiger","year":"1990","unstructured":"Steiger JH (1990) Structural model evaluation and modification: an interval Estimation Approach. Multivar Behav Res 25:173\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327906mbr2502_4","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"key":"2858_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2019-043624","volume":"27","author":"C Salhi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salhi C, Azrael D, Miller M (2021) Patterns of gun owner beliefs about firearm risk in relation to firearm storage: a latent class analysis using the 2019 National firearms Survey. Inj Prev 27:271\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/injuryprev-2019-043624","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"2858_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.06.017","volume":"57","author":"AI Mauri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mauri AI, Wolfson JA, Azrael D, Miller M (2019) Firearm storage practices and risk perceptions. Am J Prev Med 57:830\u2013835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.06.017","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2858_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.306019","volume":"111","author":"MD Anestis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anestis MD, Bryan CJ, Capron DW, Bryan AO (2021) Lethal means counseling, distribution of cable locks, and safe firearm storage practices among the Mississippi National Guard: a factorial randomized controlled trial, 2018\u20132020. Am J Public Health 111:309\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2020.306019","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2858_CR56","unstructured":"Center for Gun Violence Solutions, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (2023) CDC Provisional Data: Gun Suicides Reach All-time High in 2022, Gun Homicides Down Slightly from 2021. https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2023\/cdc-provisional-data-gun-suicides-reach-all-time-high-in-2022-gun-homicides-down-slightly-from-2021. Accessed 3 Nov 2023"},{"key":"2858_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2201761","volume":"386","author":"JE Goldstick","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goldstick JE, Cunningham RM, Carter PM (2022) Current causes of death in children and adolescents in the United States. N Engl J Med 386:1955\u20131956. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2201761","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2858_CR58","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2023) Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System"},{"key":"2858_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown RP, Osterman LL (2012) Culture of honor, violence, and Homicide. In: Shackelford TK, Weekes-Shackelford VA (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Violence, Homicide, and War, 1st edn. Oxford University Press, pp 218\u2013232","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199738403.013.0013"},{"key":"2858_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930143000167","volume":"16","author":"P Rodriguez Mosquera","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rodriguez Mosquera P, Manstead ASR, Fischer AH (2002) The role of honour concerns in emotional reactions to offences. Cognition Emot 16:143\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699930143000167","journal-title":"Cognition Emot"},{"key":"2858_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.5.997","volume":"84","author":"JA Vandello","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vandello JA, Cohen D (2003) Male honor and female fidelity: implicit cultural scripts that perpetuate domestic violence. J Personal Soc Psychol 84:997\u20131010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.84.5.997","journal-title":"J Personal Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2858_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167214536741","volume":"40","author":"RP Brown","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brown RP, Imura M, Mayeux L (2014) Honor and the Stigma of Mental Healthcare. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 40:1119\u20131131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167214536741","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2858_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022114534915","volume":"45","author":"MK Crowder","year":"2014","unstructured":"Crowder MK, Kemmelmeier M (2014) Untreated Depression predicts higher suicide rates in U.S. honor cultures. J Cross-Cult Psychol 45:1145\u20131161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022022114534915","journal-title":"J Cross-Cult Psychol"},{"key":"2858_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1978.tb02546.x","volume":"34","author":"W Arkin","year":"1978","unstructured":"Arkin W, Dobrofsky LR (1978) Military socialization and masculinity. J Soc Issues 34:151\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1978.tb02546.x","journal-title":"J Soc Issues"},{"key":"2858_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/165.1.54","volume":"165","author":"LN Rosen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rosen LN, Weber JP, Martin L (2000) Gender-related personal attributes and psychological adjustment among U.S. army soldiers. Mil Med 165:54\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/165.1.54","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"2858_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anestis MD, Bryan CJ, Bryan AO, Capron DW (2024) Threat perceptions, defensive behaviors, and the perceived suicide prevention value of specific firearm storage practices. Suicide Life Threat Behav sltb 13123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sltb.13123","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.13123"},{"key":"2858_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.07.021","volume":"22","author":"RC O\u2019Connor","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor RC, Portzky G (2018) The relationship between entrapment and suicidal behavior through the lens of the integrated motivational\u2013volitional model of suicidal behavior. Curr Opin Psychol 22:12\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.07.021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"key":"2858_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022290","volume":"42","author":"CJ Bryan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bryan CJ, Morrow CE (2011) Circumventing mental health stigma by embracing the warrior culture: lessons learned from the defender\u2019s edge program. Prof Psychology: Res Pract 42:16\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0022290","journal-title":"Prof Psychology: Res Pract"},{"key":"2858_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-013-2412-6","volume":"28","author":"L Ganzini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ganzini L, Denneson LM, Press N et al (2013) Trust is the basis for effective suicide Risk Screening and Assessment in Veterans. J GEN INTERN MED 28:1215\u20131221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-013-2412-6","journal-title":"J GEN INTERN MED"},{"key":"2858_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-1324","volume":"171","author":"A Conner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Conner A, Azrael D, Miller M (2019) Suicide case-fatality rates in the United States, 2007 to 2014: a nationwide population-based study. Ann Intern Med 171:885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M19-1324","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-025-02858-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00127-025-02858-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-025-02858-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T09:37:30Z","timestamp":1752140250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00127-025-02858-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["2858"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-025-02858-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0933-7954","1433-9285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0933-7954","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-9285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Dr. Bryan reports grants from Department of Defense, National Institute of Mental Health, Bob Woodruff Foundation, American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, and USAA Foundation, consulting fees from Vita Health, royalties from Oxford University Press, Guilford Press, Taylor & Francis Publishing, and PESI, and ownership of Anduril, LLC, which offers paid suicide prevention trainings and presentations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Material has been reviewed by the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. There is no objection to its presentation and\/or publication. The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the author, and are not to be construed as official, or as reflecting true views of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense. The investigators have adhered to the policies for protection of human subjects as prescribed in AR 70\u201325.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer"}}]}}