{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T22:31:27Z","timestamp":1793917887702,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Administrative Data Research UK","award":["ES\/W002647\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/W002647\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031401","name":"UK Prevention Research Partnership","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MR-VO49879\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR-VO49879\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031401","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The poor health of unpaid carers is well-documented. Evidence also highlights that carers can experience high levels of domestic violence and abuse (DVA). However, links between DVA victimisation and health outcomes in carers remains largely overlooked. We examined DVA prevalence in carers and non-carers, and the relationship between carers\u2019 DVA experience and health morbidities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed data from a general population probability sample survey of 6,971 adults (aged\u2009\u2265\u200916 years) in England. Multivariable logistic regression models examined associations between caregiving, DVA experience, and mental and physical health morbidities (i.e., common mental disorders (CMD), probable post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), harmful alcohol use and chronic physical health conditions), adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One person in five reported caring responsibilities. Caring was associated with higher odds of CMD and chronic physical health conditions. One in three carers reported experiencing DVA in adulthood, and carers were more likely to be victims of DVA than non-carers. In carers who experienced DVA, compared to carers reporting no DVA, adjusted odds of CMD (aOR 2.88, 95% CI 2.11\u20133.95); probable PTSD (aOR 5.67, 95% CI 3.12\u201310.30); hazardous alcohol use (aOR 1.53, 95% CI 1.09\u20132.15) and chronic physical health conditions (aOR 1.53, 95% CI 1.14\u20132.06), were significantly higher.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The risk of DVA victimisation among carers and the associated vulnerability to poorer health outcomes were highlighted. The need for greater awareness and identification of carers\u2019 risk of DVA, and better provision of support for the negative health consequences are emphasised.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-025-02959-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T15:00:04Z","timestamp":1752678004000},"page":"1237-1248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Health morbidities in carers with experience of domestic violence and abuse"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Emilie K.","family":"Wildman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Dickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deirdre","family":"MacManus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"McManus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Kuipers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Onwumere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2959_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021) Violence Against Women Prevalence Estimates, 2018. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240022256"},{"issue":"1","key":"2959_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09064-y","volume":"20","author":"S Pengpid","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pengpid S, Peltzer K (2020) Associations of physical partner violence and sexual violence victimization on health risk behaviours and mental health among university students from 25 countries. BMC Public Health 20(1):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-09064-y","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2959_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838020985541","volume":"23","author":"A Stubbs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stubbs A, Szoeke C (2021) The effect of intimate partner violence on the physical health and health-related behaviors of women: A systematic review of the literature. Trauma Violence Abuse 23(4):1157\u20131172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838020985541","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"7","key":"2959_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(22)00151-1","volume":"9","author":"S McManus","year":"2022","unstructured":"McManus S, Walby S, Barbosa EC, Appleby L, Brugha T, Bebbington PE, Cook EA, Knipe D (2022) Intimate partner violence, suicidality, and self-harm: a probability sample survey of the general population in England. Lancet Psychiatry 9(7):574\u2013583","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2959_CR5","unstructured":"Home Office (2022) Domestic Abuse: Statutory Guidance. Retrieved from https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/1089015\/Domestic_Abuse_Act_2021_Statutory_Guidance.pdf"},{"key":"2959_CR6","unstructured":"ONS (2022) Crime in England and Wales: year ending March 2023. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/crimeandjustice\/bulletins\/crimeinenglandandwales\/yearendingmarch2023"},{"key":"2959_CR7","unstructured":"ONS (2019) Partner abuse in detail \u2013 Appendix tables. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/crimeandjustice\/datasets\/partnerabuseindetailappendixtables"},{"issue":"15\u201316","key":"2959_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13501","volume":"26","author":"L Francis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Francis L, Loxton D, James C (2017) The culture of pretence: a hidden barrier to recognising, disclosing and ending domestic violence. J Clin Nurs 26(15\u201316):2202\u20132214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.13501","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"2959_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voce I, Boxall H (2019) Who reports domestic violence to police? A review of the evidence. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice. Retrieved from Australian Institute of Criminology website: https:\/\/www.aic.gov.au\/publications\/tandi\/tandi559","DOI":"10.52922\/ti110571"},{"key":"2959_CR10","unstructured":"Montique B (2019) London Domestic Homicide Review (DHR) Case Analysis and Review of Local Authorities DHR Process. Retrieved from Standing Together website: https:\/\/www.standingtogether.org.uk\/blog-3\/london-dhr-case-analysis-and-review-launch-2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"2959_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838017726425","volume":"20","author":"L Isham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Isham L, Hewison A, Bradbury-Jones C (2019) When older people are violent or abusive toward their family caregiver: A review of mixed-methods research. Trauma Violence Abuse 20(5):626\u2013637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838017726425","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"2959_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01530","volume":"9","author":"J Onwumere","year":"2018","unstructured":"Onwumere J, Zhou Z, Kuipers E (2018) Informal caregiving relationships in psychosis: reviewing the impact of patient violence on caregivers. Front Psychol 9:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01530","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2959_CR13","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.carersuk.org\/policy-and-research\/key-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Our%20Facts%20about%20carers%20document,It%20will%20be%20updated%20regularly.&text=The%20most%20recent%20Census%202021,hours%20of%20care%20per%20week (Last accessed 8th May 2025)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2959_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0247143","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247143","volume":"16","author":"R del-Pino-Casado","year":"2021","unstructured":"del-Pino-Casado R, Priego-Cubero E, L\u00f3pez-Mart\u00ednez C, Orgeta V (2021) Subjective caregiver burden and anxiety in informal caregivers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 16(3):e0247143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0247143","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"10","key":"2959_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19105864","volume":"19","author":"P Janson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Janson P, Willeke K, Zaibert L, Budnick A, Bergh\u00f6fer A, Kittel-Schneider S, Stupp C (2022) Mortality, morbidity and Health-Related outcomes in informal caregivers compared to Non-Caregivers: A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19(10):1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19105864","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2959_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.125369","volume":"205","author":"LM Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smith LM, Onwumere J, Craig T, McManus S, Bebbington P, Kuipers E (2014) Mental and physical illness in caregivers: results from an english National survey sample. Br J Psychiatry 205(3):197\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.125369","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"2959_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2301","volume":"13","author":"A Schnabel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schnabel A, Hallford DJ, Stewart M, McGillivray JA, Forbes D, Austin DW (2020) An initial examination of post-traumatic stress disorder in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder: challenging child behaviors as criterion a traumatic stressors. Autism Res 13(9):1527\u20131536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2301","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2959_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2015.1089969","volume":"17","author":"C Kingston","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kingston C, Onwumere J, Keen N, Ruffell T, Kuipers E (2016) Posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in caregivers of people with psychosis and associations with caregiving experiences. J Trauma Dissociation 17(3):307\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15299732.2015.1089969","journal-title":"J Trauma Dissociation"},{"issue":"12","key":"2959_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.3851","volume":"24","author":"M Jia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jia M, Li J, Chen C, Cao F (2015) Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in family caregivers of adult patients with acute leukemia from a dyadic perspective. Psycho\u2010oncology 24(12):1754\u20131760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pon.3851","journal-title":"Psycho\u2010oncology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2959_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/hpja.296","volume":"31","author":"AMJ Denham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Denham AMJ, Wynne O, Baker AL, Spratt NJ, Turner A, Magin P, Bonevski B (2020) An online cross-sectional survey of the health risk behaviours among informal caregivers. Health Promotion J Australia 31(3):423\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hpja.296","journal-title":"Health Promotion J Australia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2959_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7577-4","volume":"19","author":"JM Bailey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bailey JM, Regan TW, Bartlem KM, Wiggers JH, Wye PM, Bowman JA (2019) A survey of the prevalence of modifiable health risk behaviours among carers of people with a mental illness. BMC Public Health 19(1):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7577-4","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2959_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-016-0298-y","volume":"16","author":"A Goren","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goren A, Montgomery W, Kahle-Wrobleski K, Nakamura T, Ueda K (2016) Impact of caring for persons with alzheimer\u2019s disease or dementia on caregivers\u2019 health outcomes: findings from a community based survey in Japan. BMC Geriatr 16(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-016-0298-y","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2959_CR23","unstructured":"NICE (2020) Supporting Adult Carers. NICE Guideline. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng150\/resources\/supporting-adult-carers-pdf-66141833564869"},{"key":"2959_CR24","unstructured":"NHS Digital (2021) Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS) 2022 \u2013 Survey Consultation Findings 2022. Retrieved from https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/data-and-information\/areas-of-interest\/public-health\/national-study-of-health-and-wellbeing\/adult-psychiatric-morbidity-survey-2022-survey-consultation-findings#chapter-index"},{"key":"2959_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McManus S, Bebbington PE, Jenkins R, Morgan Z, Brown L, Collinson D, Brugha T (2020) Data Resource Profile: Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS). International Journal of Epidemiology, 49(2), 361-362e. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyz224","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz224"},{"issue":"2","key":"2959_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700030415","volume":"22","author":"G Lewis","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lewis G, Pelosi AJ, Araya R, Dunn G (1992) Measuring psychiatric disorder in the community: a standardized assessment for use by Lay interviewers. Psychol Med 22(2):465\u2013486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291700030415","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2959_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270050227","volume":"35","author":"P Bebbington","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bebbington P, Brugha T, Meltzer H, Farrell M, Ceresa C, Jenkins R, Lewis G (2000) Psychiatric disorder and dysfunction in the UK National survey of psychiatric morbidity. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 35(5):191\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s001270050227","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2959_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(96)00033-2","volume":"34","author":"EB Blanchard","year":"1996","unstructured":"Blanchard EB, Jones-Alexander J, Buckley TC, Forneris CA (1996) Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL). Behav Res Ther 34(8):669\u2013673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(96)00033-2","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"2959_CR29","volume-title":"Mental health and wellbeing in england: the adult psychiatric morbidity survey 2014","author":"S McManus","year":"2016","unstructured":"McManus S, Bebbington PE, Jenkins R, Brugha T (2016) Mental health and wellbeing in england: the adult psychiatric morbidity survey 2014. NHS Digital, Leeds"},{"issue":"6","key":"2959_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x","volume":"88","author":"JB Saunders","year":"1993","unstructured":"Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, De La Fuente JR, Grant M (1993) Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II. Addiction 88(6):791\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"3","key":"2959_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2007.68.461","volume":"68","author":"MM Berner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Berner MM, Kriston L, Bentele M, H\u00e4rter M (2007) The alcohol use disorders identification test for detecting at-risk drinking: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Stud Alcohol Drug 68(3):461\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15288\/jsad.2007.68.461","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drug"},{"key":"2959_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pitman A, Marston L, Lewis G, Semlyen J, McManus S, King M (2021) The mental health of lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults compared with heterosexual adults: results of two nationally representative english household probability samples. Psychol Med 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291721000052","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721000052"},{"issue":"1","key":"2959_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1990.tb01360.x","volume":"82","author":"TS Brugha","year":"1990","unstructured":"Brugha TS, Cragg D (1990) The list of threatening experiences: the reliability and validity of a brief life events questionnaire. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 82(1):77\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1990.tb01360.x","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"2959_CR34","volume-title":"Stata statistical software: release 17","author":"StataCorp","year":"2021","unstructured":"StataCorp (2021) Stata statistical software: release 17. StataCorp LLC, College Station, TX"},{"issue":"16","key":"2959_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165888","volume":"17","author":"C Carmassi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell\u2019Oste V, Bertelloni CA, Fiorillo A, Dell\u2019Osso L (2020) Risk and protective factors for PTSD in caregivers of adult patients with severe medical illnesses: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(16):1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17165888","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2959_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007741526169","volume":"13","author":"CR Brewin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brewin CR, Andrews B, Rose S (2000) Fear, helplessness, and horror in posttraumatic stress disorder: investigating DSM-IV criterion A2 in victims of violent crime. J Trauma Stress 13(3):499\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1007741526169","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"8","key":"2959_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-013-0798-4","volume":"49","author":"J Platt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Platt J, Keyes KM, Koenen KC (2014) Size of the social network versus quality of social support: which is more protective against PTSD? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49(8):1279\u20131286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-013-0798-4","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2959_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-020-01402-01406","volume":"65","author":"S Gottschalk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gottschalk S, K\u00f6nig H-H, Brettschneider C (2020) The association between informal caregiving and behavioral risk factors: a cross-sectional study. Int J Public Health 65(6):911\u2013921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00038-020-01402-01406","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"2959_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.09.025","volume":"120","author":"S Stansfeld","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stansfeld S, Smuk M, Onwumere J, Clark C, Pike C, McManus S, Bebbington P (2014) Stressors and common mental disorder in informal carers\u2013an analysis of the english adult psychiatric morbidity survey 2007. Soc Sci Med 120:190\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.09.025","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2959_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2003.10471191","volume":"2","author":"A Nordstr\u00f6m","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nordstr\u00f6m A, Kullgren G (2003) Do violent offenders with schizophrenia who attack family members differ from those with other victims? Int J Forensic Mental Health 2(2):195\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14999013.2003.10471191","journal-title":"Int J Forensic Mental Health"},{"key":"2959_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2020.101634","volume":"78","author":"YI Hwang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hwang YI, Zheng L, Karystianis G, Gibbs V, Sharp K, Butler T (2020) Domestic violence events involving autism: a text mining study of Police records in new South wales, 2005\u20132016. Res Autism Spectr Disorders 78:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2020.101634","journal-title":"Res Autism Spectr Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"2959_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13147","volume":"30","author":"P Obst","year":"2022","unstructured":"Obst P, Murray K, Walbank S, Kelly R, Brazel D (2022) Experiences of abuse in Australian family carers and predictors of mental health and well-being. Health Soc Care Commun 30(2):476\u2013487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hsc.13147","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"2959_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-02950-02957","volume":"22","author":"K Pinyopornpanish","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pinyopornpanish K, Wajatieng W, Niruttisai N, Buawangpong N, Nantsupawat N, Angkurawaranon C, Jiraporncharoen W (2022) Violence against caregivers of older adults with chronic diseases is associated with caregiver burden and depression: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 22(1):1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-022-02950-02957","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2959_CR44","unstructured":"ONS. (2020) Percentage of adults aged 16 to 74 years who were victims of domestic abuse in the last year, by ethnic group: year ending March 2018 to year ending March 2020, CSEW. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/crimeandjustice\/adhocs\/12677percentageofadultsaged16to74yearswhowerevictimsofdomesticabuseinthelastyearbyethnicgroupyearendingmarch2018toyearendingmarch2020csew"},{"key":"2959_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-021-02197-0","volume":"51","author":"BM King","year":"2022","unstructured":"King BM (2022) The influence of social desirability on sexual behavior surveys: A review. Arch Sex Behav 51:1495\u20131501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-021-02197-0","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"2959_CR46","unstructured":"Standing Together (2020) Adult Family Violence Briefing. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.standingtogether.org.uk\/blog-3\/adult-family-violence-briefing"},{"issue":"5","key":"2959_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721000490","volume":"51","author":"EK Wildman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wildman EK, MacManus D, Kuipers E, Onwumere J (2021) COVID-19, severe mental illness, and family violence. Psychol Med 51(5):705\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291721000490","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2959_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1080\/01634372.2014.882466","volume":"57","author":"TC Wharton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wharton TC, Ford BK (2014) What is known about dementia care recipient violence and aggression against caregivers? J Gerontol Soc Work 57(5):460\u2013477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01634372.2014.882466","journal-title":"J Gerontol Soc Work"},{"key":"2959_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanzawa, S., Bae, J. K., Bae, Y. J., Chae, M. hyeon, Tanaka, H., Nakane, H., \u2026 Nakane,Y. (2013). Psychological impact on caregivers traumatized by the violent behavior of a family member with schizophrenia. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 6(1), 46\u201351. doi: 10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.08.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.08.009"},{"issue":"6","key":"2959_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539515595069","volume":"27","author":"M Kageyama","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kageyama M, Yokoyama K, Nagata S, Kita S, Nakamura Y, Kobayashi S, Solomon P (2015) Rate of family violence among patients with schizophrenia in Japan. Asia Pac J Public Health 27(6):652\u2013660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1010539515595069","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2959_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-5573-4-4","volume":"4","author":"SW Marshall","year":"2007","unstructured":"Marshall SW (2007) Power for tests of interaction: effect of Raising the type I error rate. Epidemiol Perspect Innovations 4(1):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1742-5573-4-4","journal-title":"Epidemiol Perspect Innovations"},{"issue":"10","key":"2959_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718002222","volume":"49","author":"RE Lacey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lacey RE, McMunn A, Webb E (2019) Informal caregiving patterns and trajectories of psychological distress in the UK household longitudinal study. Psychol Med 49(10):1652\u20131660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291718002222","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2959_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01708-3","volume":"20","author":"N Lindt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lindt N, van Berkel J, Mulder BC (2020) Determinants of overburdening among informal carers: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr 20(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-020-01708-3","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2959_CR54","unstructured":"https:\/\/osr.statisticsauthority.gov.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/State_of_the_Statistical_System_2024.pdf"},{"key":"2959_CR55","unstructured":"https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/5a81d03aed915d74e3400317\/Chapter_4_Response_rates.pdf"},{"key":"2959_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.13004","volume":"31","author":"CA Fisher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fisher CA, Jones S, Smyth CB, Stokes L, Cairns G, Withiel TD (2022) Domestic and family violence knowledge and skills: A private mental health service survey of nurses, allied health, and medical clinicians. Int J Ment Health Nurs 31:952\u2013961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/inm.13004","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"2959_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12173","volume":"92","author":"J Onwumere","year":"2019","unstructured":"Onwumere J, Parkyn G, Learmonth S, Kuipers E (2019) The last taboo: the experience of violence in first-episode psychosis caregiving relationships. Psychol Psychotherapy: Theory Res Pract 92(1):1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/papt.12173","journal-title":"Psychol Psychotherapy: Theory Res Pract"},{"key":"2959_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2017.09.011","volume":"77","author":"G Tatangelo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tatangelo G, McCabe M, Macleod A, You E (2018) I just don\u2019t focus on my needs. The unmet health needs of partner and offspring caregivers of people with dementia: A qualitative study. Int J Nurs Stud 77:8\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2017.09.011","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"2959_CR59","unstructured":"UK Government (2014) Care Act 2014. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/2014\/23\/section\/10\/enacted"}],"container-title":["Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-025-02959-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00127-025-02959-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-025-02959-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T20:05:01Z","timestamp":1785441901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00127-025-02959-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["2959"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-025-02959-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0933-7954","1433-9285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0933-7954","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-9285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}