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Being out of employment was linked to higher psychological distress and lower life satisfaction and self-rated health, while living alone was only associated with lower life satisfaction. Limited contact with friends and relatives and a lack of community engagement were associated with lower life satisfaction and self-rated health. Greater social isolation corresponded to increased psychological distress, lower life satisfaction, and poorer self-rated health, demonstrating cumulative risk. Effects appeared additive rather than multiplicative. No consistent sex or cohort differences were observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study underscores the need to examine both separate and combined effects of social isolation across the complete mental health state. Isolation in its various forms was detrimental for mental health in mid-life and was most consistently linked to lower life satisfaction. Efforts to reduce isolation and its negative mental health impacts must recognise the complexity of these experiences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-025-03041-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T17:00:57Z","timestamp":1768842057000},"page":"885-896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Social isolation in mid-life: associations with psychological distress, life satisfaction and self-rated health in two successive British birth cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Rosie","family":"Mansfield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George B.","family":"Ploubidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morag","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Praveetha","family":"Patalay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"SUPPL1","key":"3041_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbp037","volume":"64","author":"EY Cornwell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cornwell EY, Waite LJ (2009) Measuring social isolation among older adults using multiple indicators from the NSHAP study. 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