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Stress, a key driver of mental disorders, likely intensified during this period. However, longitudinal studies tracking stress trajectories in the general population remain limited. This study aims to identify psychosocial stress trajectories from the pre- to post-pandemic period and examine associated characteristics in a population-based sample from a German city.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>966 participants from the German National Cohort study-centre in Halle (240,000 inhabitants in Eastern Germany) were included. Those participated in a six-monthly intensified assessment and completed at least four questionnaires between 2019 and 2024 containing the PHQ-Stress module. First, latent class mixed models analysis identified heterogeneous stress trajectories. Second, associations between the most likely class membership and covariates were tested with multinomial and binomial logistic regressions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified four psychosocial stress trajectory classes. Most participants followed a resilient trajectory (82%), while others showed chronic (4%), recovered (5%), or delayed (9%) trajectories. Membership in the resilient trajectory was associated with lower pre-pandemic psychological vulnerability, higher life satisfaction, greater agreeableness, and older age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Resilience predominated, while smaller subgroups showed less adaptive trajectories, with prior stress levels shaping long-term patterns. These findings demonstrate heterogeneity in stress responses and support the applicability of resilience frameworks such as Bonanno\u2019s.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-026-03092-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T16:34:16Z","timestamp":1776702856000},"page":"1565-1578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Psychosocial stress from pre- to post-pandemic times: latent class mixed model analysis using data from a German cohort"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3316-2092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6714-8016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0995-0593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janka","family":"Massag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0444-0882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Purschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4446-9938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Kluttig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8637-5692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amand","family":"F\u00fchrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1271-7204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Mikolajczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3092_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101830","volume":"77","author":"MA Schiele","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schiele MA, Gottschalk MG, Domschke K (2020) The applied implications of epigenetics in anxiety, affective and stress-related disorders - A review and synthesis on psychosocial stress, psychotherapy and prevention. 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Eur J Epidemiol 40(4):475\u2013489","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-026-03092-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00127-026-03092-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-026-03092-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:01:37Z","timestamp":1787806897000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00127-026-03092-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["3092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-026-03092-6","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8196631\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0933-7954","1433-9285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0933-7954","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-9285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for the NAKO study was obtained from all local ethics committees of the 18 study centres. The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975 (in the current, revised version), with the exception that the study was not registered before the recruitment started.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All participants provided written informed consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This analysis was supported by internal institutional funding. The NAKO is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) [project funding reference numbers: 01ER1301A\/B\/C, 01ER1511D, 01ER1801A\/B\/C\/D and 01ER2301A\/B\/C], federal states of Germany and the Helmholtz Association, the participating universities and the institutes of the Leibniz Association.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Financial support","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}