{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:02:39Z","timestamp":1789470159461,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund), Nigeria"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-026-03157-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T13:26:35Z","timestamp":1782825995000},"page":"1909-1920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Internalizing and externalizing pathways to adolescent substance use disorders: A Multi-level analysis in Nigerian schools"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7611-6953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abiodun O.","family":"Adewuya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fidelis","family":"Njokanma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kikelomo O.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"3157_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674028845","volume-title":"The ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design","author":"U Bronfenbrenner","year":"1979","unstructured":"Bronfenbrenner U (1979) The ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA"},{"issue":"1","key":"3157_CR2","first-page":"41","volume":"22","author":"N Castellanos-Ryan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Castellanos-Ryan N, O\u2019Leary-Barrett M, Conrod PJ (2013) Substance-use in childhood and adolescence: a brief overview of developmental processes and their clinical implications. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 22(1):41\u201346","journal-title":"J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"3157_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579310","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/579310","volume":"2013","author":"M Whitesell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Whitesell M, Bachand A, Peel J, Brown M (2013) Familial, social, and individual factors contributing to risk for adolescent substance use. J Addict 2013:579310","journal-title":"J Addict"},{"key":"3157_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328318","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1328318","volume":"15","author":"J Ebrahim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ebrahim J, Adams J, Demant D (2024) Substance use among young people in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry 15:1328318","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"3157_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70023","volume":"120","author":"S Jumbe","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jumbe S, Mwenda Kamninga T, Kalu UG, Nyali J, Saleh L, Newby C et al (2025) A systematic review and meta-analysis of factors associated with adolescent substance use in Africa, 2000 to 2020. Addiction 120(6):1127\u20131142","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"3157_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2020.09.004","volume":"157","author":"CA Calarco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Calarco CA, Lobo MK (2021) Depression and substance use disorders: clinical comorbidity and shared neurobiology. Int Rev Neurobiol 157:245\u2013309","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"issue":"16","key":"3157_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e174492","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI172883","volume":"134","author":"R Sinha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sinha R (2024) Stress and substance use disorders: risk, relapse, and treatment outcomes. J Clin Invest 134(16):e174492","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"11","key":"3157_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21111408","volume":"21","author":"MG Villar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Villar MG, Fava NM, Zucker RA, Trucco EM (2024) Internalizing pathways to adolescent substance use from adverse childhood experiences. Int J Environ Res Public Health 21(11):1408","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"3157_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00305.x","volume":"9","author":"V Patel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Patel V, Maj M, Flisher AJ, De Silva MJ, Koschorke M, Prince M et al (2010) Reducing the treatment gap for mental disorders: a WPA survey. World Psychiatry 9(3):169\u2013176","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"3157_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2014.07.010","volume":"37","author":"M Adrian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adrian M, McCarty C, King K, McCauley E, Stoep AV (2014) The internalizing pathway to adolescent substance use disorders: mediation by ruminative reflection and ruminative brooding. J Adolesc 37(7):983\u2013991","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"issue":"9","key":"3157_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.12.019","volume":"32","author":"JD Buckner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Buckner JD, Keough ME, Schmidt NB (2007) Problematic alcohol and cannabis use among young adults: the roles of depression and discomfort and distress tolerance. Addict Behav 32(9):1957\u20131963","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"3157_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153722","volume":"10","author":"BS Molina","year":"2014","unstructured":"Molina BS, Pelham WE Jr (2014) Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and risk of substance use disorder: developmental considerations, potential pathways, and opportunities for research. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 10(1):607\u2013639","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"3157_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933488","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.933488","volume":"13","author":"BM Willis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Willis BM, Kersh PP, Buchanan CM, Cole VT (2022) Internalizing and externalizing pathways to high-risk substance use and geographic location in Australian adolescents. Front Psychol 13:933488","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"3157_CR14","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Handbook of drug abuse prevention","author":"TA Wills","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wills TA, Ainette MG (2012) Temperament, self-control, and adolescent substance use: a two-factor model of etiological processes. In: Kaplan HB (ed) Handbook of drug abuse prevention. Springer, New York, pp 127\u2013146"},{"issue":"8","key":"3157_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.53.8.1001","volume":"53","author":"RF Anda","year":"2002","unstructured":"Anda RF, Whitfield CL, Felitti VJ, Chapman D, Edwards VJ, Dube SR et al (2002) Adverse childhood experiences, alcoholic parents, and later risk of alcoholism and depression. Psychiatr Serv 53(8):1001\u20131009","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"4","key":"3157_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023320","volume":"25","author":"WA Mason","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mason WA, Toumbourou JW, Herrenkohl TI, Hemphill SA, Catalano RF, Patton GC (2011) Early age alcohol use and later alcohol problems in adolescents: individual and peer mediators in a bi-national study. Psychol Addict Behav 25(4):625\u2013633","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"3157_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1177\/003804070607900103","volume":"79","author":"R Crosnoe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Crosnoe R (2006) The connection between academic failure and adolescent drinking in secondary school. Sociol Educ 79(1):44\u201360","journal-title":"Sociol Educ"},{"key":"3157_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2015.06.003","volume":"153","author":"C Kuhn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuhn C (2015) Emergence of sex differences in the development of substance use and abuse during adolescence. Pharmacol Ther 153:55\u201378","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"14","key":"3157_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715001014","volume":"45","author":"KT Foster","year":"2015","unstructured":"Foster KT, Hicks BM, Iacono WG, McGue M (2015) Gender differences in the structure of risk for alcohol use disorder in adolescence and young adulthood. Psychol Med 45(14):3047\u20133058","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3157_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024519","volume":"25","author":"AM Hussong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hussong AM, Jones DJ, Stein GL, Baucom DH, Boeding S (2011) An internalizing pathway to alcohol use and disorder. Psychol Addict Behav 25(3):390\u2013404","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"issue":"12","key":"3157_CR21","first-page":"1591","volume":"28","author":"AO Adewuya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adewuya AO, Oladipo EO (2019) Prevalence and associated factors for suicidal behaviours (ideation, planning, and attempt) among high school adolescents in Lagos, Nigeria. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28(12):1591\u20131601","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3157_CR22","first-page":"886","volume":"15","author":"AO Adewuya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adewuya AO, Wright K, Njokanma F (2020) Psychotic-like experiences among Nigerian school adolescents: findings from the Lagos Schools Emotional and Behavioral Health Survey. Early Interv Psychiatry 15(4):886\u2013893","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"3157_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03334.x","volume":"106","author":"KC Winters","year":"2011","unstructured":"Winters KC, Martin CS, Chung T (2011) Substance use disorders in DSM-V when applied to adolescents. Addiction 106(5):882\u2013897","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"3","key":"3157_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05305whi","volume":"71","author":"DV Sheehan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sheehan DV, Sheehan KH, Shytle RD, Janavs J, Bannon Y, Rogers JE et al (2010) Reliability and validity of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID). J Clin Psychiatry 71(3):313\u2013326","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"3157_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs068","volume":"38","author":"HK Ising","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ising HK, Veling W, Loewy RL, Rietveld MW, Rietdijk J, Dragt S et al (2012) The validity of the 16-item version of the Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ-16) to screen for ultra high risk of developing psychosis in the general help-seeking population. Schizophr Bull 38(6):1288\u20131296","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"3157_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2989\/17280583.2015.1125906","volume":"27","author":"AO Okewole","year":"2015","unstructured":"Okewole AO, Awhangansi SS, Fasokun M, Adeniji AA, Omotoso O, Ajogbon D (2015) Prodromal psychotic symptoms and psychological distress among secondary school students in Abeokuta, Nigeria. J Child Adolesc Ment Health 27(3):215\u2013225","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Ment Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"3157_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(03)00113-8","volume":"27","author":"TE Wilens","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wilens TE (2004) Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and the substance use disorders: the nature of the relationship, subtypes at risk, and treatment issues. Psychiatr Clin North Am 27(2):283\u2013301","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"3157_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141157","volume":"4","author":"WG Iacono","year":"2008","unstructured":"Iacono WG, Malone SM, McGue M (2008) Behavioral disinhibition and the development of early-onset addiction: common and specific influences. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 4(1):325\u2013348","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"3157_CR29","volume-title":"Hierarchical linear models: applications and data analysis methods","author":"SW Raudenbush","year":"2002","unstructured":"Raudenbush SW, Bryk AS (2002) Hierarchical linear models: applications and data analysis methods. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA"},{"key":"3157_CR30","volume-title":"Multilevel analysis: an introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling","author":"TAB Snijders","year":"2012","unstructured":"Snijders TAB, Bosker RJ (2012) Multilevel analysis: an introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling, 2nd edn. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA","edition":"2"},{"issue":"6","key":"3157_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","volume":"19","author":"H Akaike","year":"1974","unstructured":"Akaike H (1974) A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Trans Automat Contr 19(6):716\u2013723","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Automat Contr"},{"issue":"6","key":"3157_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","volume":"51","author":"RM Baron","year":"1986","unstructured":"Baron RM, Kenny DA (1986) The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol 51(6):1173\u20131182","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3157_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542","volume":"58","author":"DP MacKinnon","year":"2007","unstructured":"MacKinnon DP, Fairchild AJ, Fritz MS (2007) Mediation analysis. Annu Rev Psychol 58(1):593\u2013614","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3157_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.32598\/JCCNC.10.1.93.21","volume":"10","author":"Z Azarang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Azarang Z, Farahaninia M, Bozorgnezhad M, Haghani H (2024) Relationship between health literacy and addiction susceptibility in high school adolescents. Journal of Client-centered Nursing Care 10(1):3\u201314","journal-title":"Journal of Client-centered Nursing Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"3157_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daae074","volume":"39","author":"SA Fleary","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fleary SA, Rastogi S, Fenton T, Ali Z (2024) Health literacy and adolescents\u2019 substance use behaviors and correlates: a scoping review. Health Promot Int 39(3):daae074","journal-title":"Health Promot Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"3157_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.10.003","volume":"115","author":"JM Bolton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bolton JM, Robinson J, Sareen J (2009) Self-medication of mood disorders with alcohol and drugs in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Affect Disord 115(3):367\u2013375","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"3157_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229709030550","volume":"4","author":"EJ Khantzian","year":"1997","unstructured":"Khantzian EJ (1997) The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: a reconsideration and recent applications. Harv Rev Psychiatry 4(5):231\u2013244","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3157_CR38","first-page":"1","volume":"47","author":"TE Okoro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Okoro TE, Chikezie UE (2024) Prevalence of alcohol and other psychoactive substance abuse and association with depression among medical students in Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State. Pan Afr Med J 47(1):1\u201311","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"3157_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibigbami OI, Oginni OA, Bradley C, Lusher J, Sam-Agudu NA, Folayan MO (2023) A cross-sectional study on resilience, anxiety, depression, and psychoactive substance use among heterosexual and sexual minority adolescents in Nigeria. BMC Public Health 23(1):1759","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16660-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"3157_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1824-7288-36-53","volume":"36","author":"WC Igwe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Igwe WC, Ojinnaka NC (2010) Mental health of adolescents who abuse psychoactive substances in Enugu, Nigeria - a cross-sectional study. Ital J Pediatr 36(1):53","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"3157_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2008.69.75","volume":"69","author":"CM Ohannessian","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ohannessian CM, Hesselbrock VM (2008) A comparison of three vulnerability models for the onset of substance use in a high-risk sample. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 69(1):75\u201384","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"3157_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.1.179","volume":"111","author":"TE Wilens","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wilens TE, Faraone SV, Biederman J, Gunawardene S (2003) Does stimulant therapy of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder beget later substance abuse? A meta-analytic review of the literature. Pediatrics 111(1):179\u201385","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"3157_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.13122","volume":"59","author":"MO Agwogie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Agwogie MO, Kliewer W (2024) Parenting and other potential protective factors associated with polysubstance use among public school students in Lagos, Nigeria. Int J Psychol 59(3):432\u201340","journal-title":"Int J Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3157_CR44","first-page":"777","volume":"13","author":"O Atilola","year":"2013","unstructured":"Atilola O, Ayinde O, Adeitan O (2013) Beyond prevalence and pattern: problematic extent of alcohol and substance use among adolescents in Ibadan South-west Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 13(3):777\u201384","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"3157_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2010.02.001","volume":"34","author":"M\u00c1 Caballero","year":"2010","unstructured":"Caballero M\u00c1, Ramos L, Gonz\u00e1lez C, Saltijeral MT (2010) Family violence and risk of substance use among Mexican adolescents. Child Abuse Negl 34(8):576\u201384","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"2","key":"3157_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000247","volume":"31","author":"AM Hussong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hussong AM, Ennett ST, Cox MJ, Haroon M (2017) A systematic review of the unique prospective association of negative affect symptoms and adolescent substance use controlling for externalizing symptoms. Psychol Addict Behav 31(2):137","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"issue":"10","key":"3157_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2130280","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.30280","volume":"4","author":"W Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu W, Mu\u00f1oz-Laboy M, Sohler N, Goodwin RD (2021) Trends and disparities in treatment for co-occurring major depression and substance use disorders among US adolescents from 2011 to 2019. JAMA Netw Open 4(10):e2130280","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"3157_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/sajpsychiatry.v31i0.2370","volume":"31","author":"TO Kolawole","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kolawole TO, Ogunyemi AO, Lucas AR (2025) Prevalence of substance use and knowledge of its effects among secondary school students in Lagos, Nigeria. S Afr J Psychiatr 31:2370","journal-title":"S Afr J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"3157_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v23i4.59","volume":"23","author":"A Idowu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Idowu A, Aremu AO, Akanbi IM, Eseigbe G, Adewale V, Awubite L et al (2023) Prevalence, pattern and determinants of substance abuse among youths in a rural community of Osun State, Southwest Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 23(4):563\u2013574","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"10157","key":"3157_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31612-X","volume":"392","author":"V Patel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Patel V, Saxena S, Lund C, Thornicroft G, Baingana F, Bolton P et al (2018) The Lancet Commission on global mental health and sustainable development. Lancet 392(10157):1553\u20131598","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"3157_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2010.71.219","volume":"71","author":"CA Smith","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smith CA, Elwyn LJ, Ireland TO, Thornberry TP (2010) Impact of adolescent exposure to intimate partner violence on substance use in early adulthood. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 71(2):219\u2013230","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"issue":"10","key":"3157_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0295545","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295545","volume":"19","author":"HM Hassen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hassen HM, Behera MR, Behera D, Dehury RK (2024) Mental health issues and the association of mental health literacy among adolescents in urban Ethiopia. PLoS ONE 19(10):e0295545","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"3157_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2020-0086","volume":"34","author":"CNP Mbachu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mbachu CNP, Ebenebe JC, Mbachu II, Ndukwu CI, Elo-Ilo JC, Azubuike CM et al (2022) Sociodemographic profile of psychoactive substance use among selected secondary school students in rural Nigeria. Int J Adolesc Med Health 34(5):275\u2013280","journal-title":"Int J Adolesc Med Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"3157_CR54","first-page":"157","volume":"16","author":"ML Adelekan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Adelekan ML, Ndom RJ (1997) Trends in prevalence and pattern of substance use among secondary school pupils in Ilorin, Nigeria. West Afr J Med 16(3):157\u2013164","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3157_CR55","first-page":"91","volume":"13","author":"OA Abiodun","year":"1994","unstructured":"Abiodun OA, Adelekan ML, Ogunremi OO, Oni GA, Obayan AO (1994) Pattern of substance use amongst secondary school students in Ilorin, northern Nigeria. West Afr J Med 13(2):91\u201397","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3157_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/ajpy.12086","volume":"67","author":"AJ Lewis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lewis AJ, Kremer P, Douglas K, Toumborou JW, Hameed MA, Patton GC et al (2015) Gender differences in adolescent depression: differential female susceptibility to stressors affecting family functioning. Aust J Psychol 67(3):131\u2013139","journal-title":"Aust J Psychol"},{"issue":"sup4","key":"3157_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1351204","volume":"8","author":"M Olff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olff M (2017) Sex and gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder: an update. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 8(sup4):1351204","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3157_CR58","first-page":"112","volume":"19","author":"OF Fagbule","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fagbule OF, Kanmodi KK, Samuel VO, Isola TO, Aliemeke EO, Ogbeide ME et al (2021) Prevalence and predictors of cigarette smoking and alcohol use among secondary school students in Nigeria. Ann Ib Postgrad Med 19(2):112\u2013123","journal-title":"Ann Ib Postgrad Med"},{"key":"3157_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112666","volume":"271","author":"S Agunbiade","year":"2025","unstructured":"Agunbiade S, Gbaja-Biamila T, Oladele D, Obiezu-Umeh C, Musa AZ, Blessing LA et al (2025) Drug use and needle sharing among adolescents and young adults in Nigeria: a cross-sectional secondary analysis of data from a multi-site clinical trial. Drug Alcohol Depend 271:112666","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"11","key":"3157_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-005-0965-3","volume":"40","author":"AO Adewuya","year":"2005","unstructured":"Adewuya AO, Makanjuola RO (2005) Social distance towards people with mental illness amongst Nigerian university students. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 40(11):865\u20138","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3157_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.186.5.436","volume":"186","author":"O Gureje","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gureje O, Lasebikan VO, Ephraim-Oluwanuga O, Olley BO, Kola L (2005) Community study of knowledge of and attitude to mental illness in Nigeria. Br J Psychiatry 186(5):436\u201341","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3157_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2020.0131","volume":"31","author":"W Jacobs","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jacobs W, Amuta-Jimenez AO, Olusanya OA, Bristow AF, Adeloye D, Barry AE (2020) Socio-ecological factors of adolescent substance use in Nigeria: a systematic review of literature. J Health Care Poor Underserved 31(4):1765\u201384","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"}],"container-title":["Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-026-03157-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00127-026-03157-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-026-03157-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:05:14Z","timestamp":1789466714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00127-026-03157-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["3157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-026-03157-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0933-7954","1433-9285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0933-7954","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-9285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}