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This longitudinal study examines these transitions and their association with early adolescents\u2019 internalizing and externalizing problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using data from the French EDEN cohort, a Sequence Analysis was performed to cluster participating mothers (\n                      <jats:italic>n\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20091,915) according to changes in family structure over time, defined as transitions between living with the child\u2019s biological father, alone, with a new partner or with other adults. Among adolescents with available outcomes at age 11, assessed using the CBCL and SDQ (\n                      <jats:italic>n\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009538), associations of resulting sequence clusters, transition number, and timing of the first transition, with CBCL\/SDQ scores were examined by multivariate regression analyses adjusted for relevant child, maternal, and family characteristics at baseline.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three clusters were identified:\n                      <jats:italic>Largely stable cohabitation (86.2%)<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Early cohabitation followed by separation and other transitions (6.4%)<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Diverse\/evolving family structures (7.4%).<\/jats:italic>\n                      Adolescents exposed to the diverse\/evolving family structures cluster showed lower CBCL internalizing scores (aMD\u2009\u2212\u20095.76 [-10.76, -0.76]) and lower SDQ emotional problems (aMD\u2009\u2212\u20091.09 [-2.17, -0.02]) compared to those from the largely stable cohabitation cluster. Externalizing scores and total difficulties were comparable across clusters. Neither transition number nor timing was associated with subsequent adolescent mental health.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While the largely stable cohabitation cluster was the most common family structure over time, a minority of children experienced early or multiple family transitions. The analyses revealed limited evidence for consistent associations of family transitions with adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-026-03185-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T13:27:49Z","timestamp":1787146069000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Type, number and timing of family structure transitions and their association with internalizing and externalizing problems in early adolescence: evidence from the French EDEN cohort"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5154-2849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirna","family":"Naddour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muriel","family":"Tafflet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Heude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hester","family":"Sijtsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coriena","family":"De Heer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Bobba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Krabbendam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Baumeister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Antunes","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catrin","family":"Finkenauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"van der Waerden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"3185_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1177\/019251302237300","volume":"23","author":"VV Louis","year":"2002","unstructured":"LOUIS VV (2002) Effects of Family Structure, Family SES, and Adulthood Experiences on Life Satisfaction. 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