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In low-income urban areas in South America, this cohort study explored rates and predictors of recovery among young people with depression and\/or anxiety symptoms over two years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescents (15\u201316 years old) and young adults (20\u201324 years old) with depression and\/or anxiety symptoms (\u2265\u200910 on Patient Health Questionnaire-8 and\/or Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7) from low-income areas in Bogot\u00e1, Buenos Aires and Lima, were recruited from community organisations and educational institutions between April 2021 and November 2022 and reassessed after 6, 12 and 24 months. Sociodemographic characteristics, substance use, stressful life events, resilience, coping strategies, social capital, perceived social support, sports and arts activities, and social media engagement were explored as predictors of recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recruited 1437 young people. Overall recovery rates were 30.3% after 6 months, 32.6% after one year and 37.3% after two years. In a multivariable model, female gender, younger age group, more severe initial depression and anxiety symptoms, more stressful life events in the last year and before that, lower resilience levels and higher social media engagement all predicted lower recovery rates. Interaction analyses showed a decreasing effect of baseline depression symptoms over time and a poorer recovery in female adolescents, but not young adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most young people with mental distress in low-income urban areas in South America do not recover over a two-year period. Programmes to strengthen resilience and reduce social media engagement should be developed to improve outcomes of mental distress in young people.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-026-03204-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T14:03:55Z","timestamp":1789049035000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recovery from mental distress in youths in low-income urban areas in South America"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9864-3394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Priebe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3220-6930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1846-8686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Ignacio","family":"Brusco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7611-8190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Diez-Canseco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9013-5384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"G\u00f3mez-Restrepo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0420-5148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Araya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7383-9665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Luis","family":"Carbonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1262-6436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Godoy-Casasbuenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3401-0824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James B.","family":"Kirkbride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1386-2369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7813-9107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Ni\u00f1o-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4598-6865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natividad","family":"Olivar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2384-3321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diliniya Stanislaus","family":"Sureshkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5554-357X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio","family":"Toyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4284-7886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Miguel","family":"Uribe-Restrepo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5647-465X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Lucia","family":"Vilela-Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7830-4563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Bassett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2053-7679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Bird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"3204_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2024) Mental health of adolescents. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/adolescent-mental-health Accessed July 4"},{"key":"3204_CR2","unstructured":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). 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Professor Morgan was the Editor-in-Chief of the Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology journal. No further interests were declared relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant institutional, national and international committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and its later amendments. The original study protocol and the additional 24-month follow-up were approved by the Institutional Review Boards (IRB) of Universidad de Buenos Aires (dated 2 October 2020; ref. EX-2023-01047044), Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (ref. FM-CIE-1138-20; ref. FM-CIE-0612-23), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (Certificate 581-33-20; Certificate E-027-03-23) and the Research Ethics Committee of Queen Mary, University of London (ref. QMERC2020\/02; date of non-objection 22 August 2023).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approvals","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from participants aged 18 years and older, or assent from 15 to 16 years olds with written informed consent from their parent or legal guardian.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}