{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T02:28:14Z","timestamp":1778812094741,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-025-04171-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T04:12:29Z","timestamp":1772856749000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ultra-trace Determination of Chromium (III) and Cobalt (II) Using Phosphonate Ester-Functionalized PAMAM Magnetite and DSPE-FAAS"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7099-3763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilges","family":"Baskin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9817-752X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozge","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2114-0515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Nazrul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9791-4922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Metin","family":"Tulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3886-9038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarik","family":"Eren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3189-998X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0130kbal","family":"Koyuncu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"4171_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S124938","volume":"12","author":"S Ahsan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahsan S, Rao C (2017) The role of surface charge in the desolvation process of gelatin: implications in nanoparticle synthesis and modulation of drug release. Int J Nanomed 12:795\u2013808","journal-title":"Int J Nanomed"},{"key":"4171_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.24815","author":"A Amanzhol","year":"2025","unstructured":"Amanzhol A, Yal\u00e7\u0131nkaya \u00d6, \u00c7inar Acar B, Yuksekdag Z (2025) Pichia kudriavzevii (JD2) immobilized on acid activated perlite as a biosorbent for solid phase extraction of Cr (III) determination by AAS (atomic adsorption spectroscopy). Microsc Res Tech. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jemt.24815","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"4171_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2008.04.017","volume":"77","author":"AN Anthemidis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Anthemidis AN (2008) Automatic sequential injection liquid\u2013liquid micro-extraction system for on-line flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of trace metal in water samples. Talanta 77:541\u2013545","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"4171_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-005-0357-6","volume":"54","author":"D Avci","year":"2005","unstructured":"Avci D, Mathias LJ (2005) Synthesis and photopolymerizations of phosphate-containing acrylate\/(di)methacrylate monomers from 3-(acryloyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate. Polym Bull 54:11\u201319","journal-title":"Polym Bull"},{"key":"4171_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.08.009","volume":"108","author":"A Azzouz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Azzouz A, Kailasa SK, Lee SS, Rasc\u00f3n AJ, Ballesteros E, Zhang M et al (2018) Review of nanomaterials as sorbents in solid-phase extraction for environmental samples. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 108:347\u2013369","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal Chem"},{"key":"4171_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.20210210","volume":"59","author":"D Bask\u0131n","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bask\u0131n D, Y\u0131lmaz \u00d6, Islam MN, T\u00fcl\u00fc M, Koyuncu \u0130, Eren T (2021) Metal adsorption properties of multi-functional PAMAM dendrimer based gels. J Polym Sci 59:1540\u20131555","journal-title":"J Polym Sci"},{"key":"4171_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9537","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c10772","volume":"10","author":"D Baskin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Baskin D (2025) Preconcentration and determination of copper (II) in water and tea infusion samples using hierarchical MnSb2O6@ Fe3O4 nanoparticles and magnetic solid phase extraction\u2013FAAS. ACS Omega 10:9537\u20139546","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"4171_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-004-0294-3","volume":"149","author":"S Baytak","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baytak S, T\u00fcrker AR (2005) Determination of iron (III), cobalt (II) and chromium (III) in various water samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration by means of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis immobilized on amberlite XAD-4. Microchim Acta 149:109\u2013116","journal-title":"Microchim Acta"},{"key":"4171_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.200500252","volume":"28","author":"S Baytak","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baytak S, T\u00fcrker AR, Cevrimli BS (2005) Application of silica gel 60 loaded with Aspergillus niger as a solid phase extractor for the separation\/preconcentration of chromium(III), copper(II), zinc(II), and cadmium(II). J Sep Sci 28:2482\u20132488","journal-title":"J Sep Sci"},{"key":"4171_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104599","volume":"152","author":"V Beaugeard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beaugeard V, Muller J, Graillot A, Ding X, Robin J-J, Monge S (2020) Acidic polymeric sorbents for the removal of metallic pollution in water: a review. React Funct Polym 152:104599","journal-title":"React Funct Polym"},{"key":"4171_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-0527.3636","volume":"48","author":"O Caylak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Caylak O (2024) Chromium speciation in water using magnetic polyaniline nanoparticles coupled with microsampling injection-flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Turk J Chem 48:21\u201335","journal-title":"Turk J Chem"},{"key":"4171_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-010-9967-5","volume":"13","author":"C-M Chou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chou C-M, Lien H-L (2011) Dendrimer-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles for removal of zinc (II) from aqueous solutions. J Nanoparticle Res 13:2099\u20132107","journal-title":"J Nanoparticle Res"},{"key":"4171_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9112048","volume":"9","author":"J Du","year":"2021","unstructured":"Du J, Fan L, Wang Q, Min F (2021) Adsorption of Cr(OH)n(3\u2212n)+ (n = 1\u20133) on Illite (001) and (010) Surfaces: A DFT Study. Processes 9:2021","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"4171_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1080\/10739149.2020.1818577","volume":"49","author":"SG Elci","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elci SG (2021) Determination of cobalt in food by magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) preconcentration by polyaniline (PANI) and polythiophene (PTH) coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and microsample injection system\u2013flame atomic absorption spectrometry (MIS-FAAS). Instrum Sci Technol 49:258\u2013275","journal-title":"Instrum Sci Technol"},{"key":"4171_CR15","unstructured":"Faroon O and Keith S (2004) Toxicological profile for cobalt"},{"key":"4171_CR16","unstructured":"Gibbons CF, Sasso AF, Angrish MM, Arzuaga X, Bateson TF, Christensen KY et al (2024) IRIS toxicological review of hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] CASRN 18540-29-9"},{"key":"4171_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1021\/ja807488d","volume":"131","author":"MV Gomez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gomez MV, Guerra J, Velders AH, Crooks RM (2009) NMR characterization of fourth-generation PAMAM dendrimers in the presence and absence of palladium dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 131:341\u2013350","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"4171_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2005.04.020","volume":"153","author":"JP Goull\u00e9","year":"2005","unstructured":"Goull\u00e9 JP, Mahieu L, Castermant J, Neveu N, Bonneau L, Lain\u00e9 G et al (2005) Metal and metalloid multi-elementary ICP-MS validation in whole blood, plasma, urine and hair. Reference values. Forensic Sci Int 153:39\u201344","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"4171_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11080662","volume":"11","author":"C Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu C, Zhang X, Zhan N, Liu Y (2023) Current status and health risk assessment of heavy metals contamination in tea across China. Toxics 11:662","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"4171_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1080\/01496399708000948","volume":"32","author":"A Jyo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jyo A, Yamabe K, Egawa H (1997) Metal ion selectivity of a macroreticular styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer-based methylenephosphonic acid resin. Sep Sci Technol 32:1099\u20131105","journal-title":"Sep Sci Technol"},{"key":"4171_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-0527.3683","volume":"48","author":"M K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcksakalli","year":"2024","unstructured":"K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcksakalli M, Salamat Q, Tireli B, El\u00e7i \u015eG (2024) Magnetic solid-phase extraction technique based on Fe3O4@ coPPy-PTH nanocomposite for extraction of cobalt, chromium, and nickel prior to determination by micro-sample injection system-flame atomic absorption spectrometry in alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages. Turk J Chem 48:620\u2013630","journal-title":"Turk J Chem"},{"key":"4171_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s11783-020-1267-4","volume":"14","author":"H Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu H, Yu X (2020) Hexavalent chromium in drinking water: chemistry, challenges and future outlook on Sn (II)-and photocatalyst-based treatment. Front Environ Sci Eng 14:88","journal-title":"Front Environ Sci Eng"},{"key":"4171_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2013.7093","volume":"13","author":"G L\u00f3pez-T\u00e9llez","year":"2013","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-T\u00e9llez G, Balderas-Hern\u00e1ndez P, Barrera-D\u00edaz CE, Vilchis-Nestor AR, Roa-Morales G, Bilyeu B (2013) Green method to form iron oxide nanorods in orange peels for chromium(VI) reduction. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 13:2354\u20132361","journal-title":"J Nanosci Nanotechnol"},{"key":"4171_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202400132","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.202400132","volume":"24","author":"J MarcosAnghinoni","year":"2024","unstructured":"MarcosAnghinoni J et al (2024) 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for monitoring organic reactions and organic compounds. Chem. Record 24:e202400132","journal-title":"Chem. Record"},{"key":"4171_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13416","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113416","volume":"23","author":"M Maslova","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maslova M, Ivanenko V, Evstropova P, Mudruk N, Gerasimova L (2022) Investigation on purification of saturated LiNO3 solution using titanium phosphate ion exchanger: Kinetics study. Int J Mol Sci 23:13416","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4171_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-1137(94)90022-1","volume":"23","author":"L M\u00e9nard","year":"1994","unstructured":"M\u00e9nard L, Fontaine L, Brosse J-C (1994) Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of chelating resins containing \u03b1-aminoalkylphosphonic groups. React Polym 23:201\u2013212","journal-title":"React Polym"},{"key":"4171_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2022.101865","volume":"34","author":"S Mitra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mitra S, Chakraborty AJ, Tareq AM, Emran TB, Nainu F, Khusro A et al (2022) Impact of heavy metals on the environment and human health: Novel therapeutic insights to counter the toxicity. J King Saud Univ-Sci 34:101865","journal-title":"J King Saud Univ-Sci"},{"key":"4171_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moloney M, Causse J, Loubat C, and Grandjean A (2014) Sodium \u201cactivation\u201d of silano-phosphonate modified mesoporous TiO2 leading to improved rare-earth element extraction. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014","DOI":"10.1002\/ejic.201400027"},{"key":"4171_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1007\/s40201-021-00743-5","volume":"19","author":"M Moradnia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moradnia M, Movahedian Attar H, Heidari Z, Mohammadi F, Kelishadi R (2021) Monitoring of urinary arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) among a sample of pregnant Iranian women. J Environ Health Sci Eng 19:1901\u20131909","journal-title":"J Environ Health Sci Eng"},{"key":"4171_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2012.03.057","volume":"96","author":"B Ninwong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ninwong B, Chuanuwatanakul S, Chailapakul O, Dungchai W, Motomizu S (2012) On-line preconcentration and determination of lead and cadmium by sequential injection\/anodic stripping voltammetry. Talanta 96:75\u201381","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"4171_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2022.124082","volume":"253","author":"O Ozalp","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ozalp O, Soylak M (2023) Ag modified ZnO nanoflowers for the dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction of lead(II) from food and water samples prior to its detection with high-resolution continuum source flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Talanta 253:124082","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"1","key":"4171_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-9505(19990601)267:1<27::AID-APMC27>3.0.CO;2-Z","volume":"267","author":"I-H Park","year":"1999","unstructured":"Park I-H, Rhee JM, Jung YS (1999) Synthesis and heavy metal ion adsorptivity of macroreticular chelating resins containing phosphono and carboxylic acid groups. Angew Makromol Chem 267(1):27\u201334","journal-title":"Angew Makromol Chem"},{"key":"4171_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2021.108363","volume":"130","author":"KBS Perelonia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Perelonia KBS, Benitez KCD, Banicod RJS, Tadifa GC, Cambia FD, Montojo UM (2021) Validation of an analytical method for the determination of cadmium, lead and mercury in fish and fishery resources by graphite furnace and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Food Control 130:108363","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"4171_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2017.1298987","volume":"47","author":"J P\u0142otka-Wasylka","year":"2017","unstructured":"P\u0142otka-Wasylka J, Mar\u0107 M, Szczepa\u0144ska N, Namie\u015bnik J (2017) New polymeric materials for solid phase extraction. Critic Rev Anal Chem 47:373\u2013383","journal-title":"Critic Rev Anal Chem"},{"key":"4171_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1021\/ie070886g","volume":"47","author":"A Popa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Popa A, Davidescu C-M, Negrea P, Ilia G, Katsaros A, Demadis KD (2008a) Synthesis and characterization of phosphonate ester\/phosphonic acid grafted styrene\u2212divinylbenzene copolymer microbeads and their utility in adsorption of divalent metal ions in aqueous solutions. Ind Eng Chem Res 47:2010\u20132017","journal-title":"Ind Eng Chem Res"},{"key":"4171_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1021\/ie070886g","volume":"47","author":"A Popa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Popa A, Davidescu C-M, Negrea P, Ilia G, Katsaros A, Demadis KD (2008b) Synthesis and characterization of phosphonate ester\/phosphonic acid grafted styrene\u2212 divinylbenzene copolymer microbeads and their utility in adsorption of divalent metal ions in aqueous solutions. Ind Eng Chem Res 47:2010\u20132017","journal-title":"Ind Eng Chem Res"},{"key":"4171_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89204","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA14005F","volume":"5","author":"M Rajabi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rajabi M, Rezaie A, Ghaedi M (2015) Simultaneous extraction and preconcentration of some metal ions using eucalyptus-wood based activated carbon modified with silver hydroxide nanoparticles and a chelating agent: Optimization by an experimental design. RSC Adv 5:89204\u201389217","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"4171_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175893","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2023.1175893","volume":"7","author":"H Shaukat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shaukat H, Ali A, Zhang Y, Ahmad A, Riaz S, Khan A et al (2023) Tea polyphenols: extraction techniques and its potency as a nutraceutical. Front Sustain Food Syst 7:1175893","journal-title":"Front Sustain Food Syst"},{"key":"4171_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122985","volume":"400","author":"S Sheikh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sheikh S, Nasseri MA, Chahkandi M, Allahresani A, Reiser O (2020) Functionalized magnetic PAMAM dendrimer as an efficient nanocatalyst for a new synthetic strategy of xanthene pigments. J Hazard Mater 400:122985","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"4171_CR41","first-page":"109","volume":"31","author":"CS Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silva CS, e Silva R, de Figueiredo A, Alves VN (2020) Magnetic solid-phase microextraction for lead detection in aqueous samples using magnetite nanoparticles. J Braz Chem Soc 31:109\u2013115","journal-title":"J Braz Chem Soc"},{"key":"4171_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sohrabi-Gilani N, Ghayournezhad A, Rostamzadeh Mansour S (2022) Determination of ultratrace levels of cobalt (II) and chromium (III) by magnetic dispersive solid-phase extraction (SPE) using urea-formaldehyde polymer\/magnetite nanoparticles with flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Lett 55:2650\u20132667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00032719.2022.2067863","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2022.2067863"},{"key":"4171_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2023.105716","volume":"125","author":"M Soylak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Soylak M, Ahmed HEH, Coban AN (2024) Micro-solid phase extraction of cobalt at trace levels as 1-nitroso-2-naphthol chelates on magnetic date palm fiber-WSe2 (mDPF@ WSe2) nanocomposite from food, tobacco, and water samples. J Food Compos Anal 125:105716","journal-title":"J Food Compos Anal"},{"key":"4171_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2023.109648","volume":"196","author":"Y S\u00fcrme","year":"2024","unstructured":"S\u00fcrme Y, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m GK, U\u00e7an M, Narin \u0130 (2024) Ultrasound-enhanced dispersive solid phase extraction of Cd (II), Co (II), and Ni (II) using magnetic Pinus pinea. Microchem J 196:109648","journal-title":"Microchem J"},{"key":"4171_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.3562","volume":"26","author":"ET Ten\u00f3rio-Neto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ten\u00f3rio-Neto ET, Jamshaid T, Eissa M, Kunita MH, Zine N, Agusti G et al (2015) TGA and magnetization measurements for determination of composition and polymer conversion of magnetic hybrid particles. Polym Adv Technol 26:1199\u20131208","journal-title":"Polym Adv Technol"},{"key":"4171_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.10301","volume":"40","author":"DA Tomalia","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tomalia DA, Fr\u00e9chet JMJ (2002) Discovery of dendrimers and dendritic polymers: a brief historical perspective*. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 40:2719\u20132728","journal-title":"J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem"},{"key":"4171_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1295\/polymj.17.117","volume":"17","author":"DA Tomalia","year":"1985","unstructured":"Tomalia DA, Baker H, Dewald J, Hall M, Kallos G, Martin S et al (1985) A new class of polymers: starburst-dendritic macromolecules. Polym J 17:117\u2013132","journal-title":"Polym J"},{"key":"4171_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.02.021","volume":"159","author":"M Tuzen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tuzen M, Melek E, Soylak M (2008) Solid-phase extraction of copper, iron and zinc ions on Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis loaded on Dowex optipore V-493. J Hazard Mater 159:335\u2013341","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"4171_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ugwu E, Tursunov O, Kodirov D, Shaker L, Al-Amiery A., Yangibaeva I. et al (2020) Adsorption mechanisms for heavy metal removal using low cost adsorbents: a review. In: IOP conference series: earth and environmental science. pp 012166","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/614\/1\/012166"},{"key":"4171_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-009-3417-1","volume":"397","author":"N Unceta","year":"2010","unstructured":"Unceta N, S\u00e9by F, Malherbe J, Donard O (2010) Chromium speciation in solid matrices and regulation: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 397:1097\u20131111","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"4171_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26196060","volume":"26","author":"D Witkowska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Witkowska D, S\u0142owik J, Chilicka K (2021) Heavy metals and human health: possible exposure pathways and the competition for protein binding sites. Molecules 26:6060","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"4171_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NA00139G","volume":"6","author":"N Wolff","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wolff N, Beuck C, Schaller T, Epple M (2024) Possibilities and limitations of solution-state NMR spectroscopy to analyze the ligand shell of ultrasmall metal nanoparticles. Nanoscale Adv 6:3285\u20133298","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv"},{"key":"4171_CR52","volume-title":"International standards for drinking-water","author":"O. World Health","year":"1971","unstructured":"O. World Health (1971) International standards for drinking-water, 3rd edn. World Health Organization, Geneva","edition":"3"},{"key":"4171_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2012.03.057","volume":"258","author":"Y-W Wu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wu Y-W, Zhang J, Liu J-F, Chen L, Deng Z-L, Han M-X et al (2012) Fe3O4@ZrO2 nanoparticles magnetic solid phase extraction coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry for chromium(III) speciation in environmental and biological samples. Appl Surf Sci 258:6772\u20136776","journal-title":"Appl Surf Sci"},{"key":"4171_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2011.08.048","volume":"195","author":"\u00d6 Yal\u00e7\u0131nkaya","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yal\u00e7\u0131nkaya \u00d6, Kalfa OM, T\u00fcrker AR (2011) Chelating agent free-solid phase extraction (CAF-SPE) of Co(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) by new nano hybrid material (ZrO2\/B2O3). J Hazard Mater 195:332\u2013339","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"4171_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s44211-023-00495-2","volume":"40","author":"\u00d6 Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Y\u0131lmaz \u00d6, Koyuncu \u0130 (2024) Determination of copper and cobalt in different tea samples at trace levels by FAAS after preconcentration with a novel iron PAMAM-OH-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticle as SPE sorbent. Anal Sci 40:633\u2013641","journal-title":"Anal Sci"},{"key":"4171_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121658","volume":"386","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yuan Y, Wu Y, Wang H, Tong Y, Sheng X, Sun Y et al (2020) Simultaneous enrichment and determination of cadmium and mercury ions using magnetic PAMAM dendrimers as the adsorbents for magnetic solid phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography. J Hazard Mater 386:121658","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"4171_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan D, Chen L, Xiong X, Zhang Q, Liao S, Yuan L, et al (2016) Synthesis of PAMAM dendron functionalized superparamagnetic polymer microspheres for highly efficient sorption of uranium(VI). J Radioanal Nuclear Chem 309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-016-4735-3"},{"key":"4171_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2024.114586","volume":"187","author":"F Zaman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zaman F, Khattak WA, Ihtisham M, Ilyas M, Ali A, Ali A et al (2024) Assessing the health risks of heavy metals and seasonal minerals fluctuations in Camellia sinensis cultivars during their growth seasons. Food Chem Toxicol 187:114586","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"4171_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-018-0948-y","volume":"28","author":"A Zarei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zarei A, Saedi S, Seidi F (2018) Synthesis and application of Fe3O4@SiO2@Carboxyl-terminated PAMAM dendrimer nanocomposite for heavy metal removal. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 28:2835\u20132843","journal-title":"J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater"},{"key":"4171_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7597640","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7597640","volume":"2018","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Liu C, Sun C, Zhang W et al (2018) pH effect on heavy metal release from a polluted sediment. J Chem 2018:7597640","journal-title":"J Chem"},{"key":"4171_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.3390\/w12020446","volume":"12","author":"J Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang J, Lin S, Han M, Su Q, Xia L, Hui Z (2020) Adsorption properties of magnetic magnetite nanoparticle for coexistent Cr (VI) and Cu (II) in mixed solution. Water 12:446","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"4171_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.128062","volume":"426","author":"S Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu S, Khan MA, Kameda T, Xu H, Wang F, Xia M et al (2022) New insights into the capture performance and mechanism of hazardous metals Cr3+ and Cd2+ onto an effective layered double hydroxide based material. J Hazard Mater 426:128062","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"}],"container-title":["Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00128-025-04171-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00128-025-04171-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00128-025-04171-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T20:01:35Z","timestamp":1774728095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00128-025-04171-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["4171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00128-025-04171-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-4861","1432-0800"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-4861","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0800","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors have participated in (a) conception and design, or analysis and interpretation of the data; (b) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and (c) approval of the final version. This manuscript has not been submitted to, nor is it under review at, another journal or other publishing venue. The authors have no affiliation with any organization with a direct or indirect financial interest in the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"46"}}