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However, the environmental implications of their production, management, and disposal remain insufficiently addressed. This study evaluated the ecotoxicological effects of a commercial\n                    <jats:italic>Kappaphycus alvarezii<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract on\n                    <jats:italic>Zea mays<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Ceriodaphnia silvestrii<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Conditioning assays with maize seeds were performed at extract concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%, assessing germination, vigor, and early seedling growth. Acute toxicity tests with\n                    <jats:italic>C. silvestrii<\/jats:italic>\n                    exposed individuals to 0.1\u20134% concentrations, and immobility was recorded to determine the median effective concentration (EC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Concentrations up to 50% did not impair germination, with 25% promoting significant vegetative growth, while higher concentrations reduced germination due to phytotoxicity. In\n                    <jats:italic>C. silvestrii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 2.06% caused 50% mortality. These results demonstrate the dual role of algal extracts, highlighting agronomic potential alongside ecotoxicological risks, and reinforce the need for safe production, management, and environmentally responsible disposal practices to ensure sustainability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-026-04229-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T10:34:45Z","timestamp":1774694085000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ecotoxicological Effect of Kappaphycus alvarezii Extract on Zea mays and Ceriodaphnia silvestrii"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Lucas Adriano","family":"Moreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8631-362X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika dos Santos","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7107-2755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Rodrigues","family":"da Cunha Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6819-011X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anelise Vieira Rosa Fernandes","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9489-7837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra dos Santos","family":"Ambr\u00f3sio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6075-6158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Vitor Barbosa","family":"Calvelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6074-447X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela Ezequiel Costa","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"dos Santos-Wisniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3980-9013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Breno R\u00e9gis","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7321-0007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandro","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"4229_CR1","volume-title":"Aquatic ecotoxicology \u2013 Acute toxicity \u2013 Test method with spp (Crustacea, Cladocera)Daphnia","author":"ABNT NBR 12713","year":"2022","unstructured":"ABNT NBR 12713 (2022) Aquatic ecotoxicology\u2013acute toxicity\u2013test method with Daphnia spp (Crustacea, Cladocera). 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