{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T18:49:04Z","timestamp":1782154144817,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008976","name":"University of Venda","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008976","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Wetlands are unique ecological niches that support highly specialized ecosystems, yet their functioning is strongly influenced by surrounding human activities. Increasing settlement around Nylsvley, a Ramsar-designated wetland has resulted in observable ecological changes. This study presents a comprehensive chemical profiling of water from two sites; Jacana Hide Site (JHS) and Site 3 (S3) sampled during dry and wet seasons. Untargeted LC-MS combined with molecular networking revealed clear chemical differences between sites, with JHS showing greater chemical variability than S3. Many detected compounds could not be annotated due to current database limitations. Among the identified compounds, several anthropogenic contaminants were detected, including plastic-associated fatty acid amides (erucamide and oleamide), phthalates and a UV-filter 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, which may pose ecological risks to aquatic organisms. In addition, alkaloids commonly associated with tobacco and opium use were also observed, suggesting potential wastewater-derived inputs into the wetland system. Molecular networking also showed a notable shift in the chemical composition of the investigated sites before and after rainfall. Overall, this work serves as a proof of concept, providing an initial assessment of the chemical status of the Nylsvley wetland and highlighting potential toxicological risks associated with emerging contaminants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-026-04258-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T06:36:59Z","timestamp":1779086219000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An LC-MS-Based Molecular Networking Proof-of-Concept for Revealing Ecological Functional Dynamics in Nylsvley Ramsar Wetland Waters"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4742-0139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florence Mazwi","family":"Murungweni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nakisani Babra","family":"Moyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farai","family":"Dondofema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3341-4114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ntakadzeni Edwin","family":"Madala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"4258_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-0317-5","volume":"15","author":"AT Aron","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aron AT, Gentry EC, McPhail KL, Nothias L-F, Nothias-Esposito M, Bouslimani A, Petras D, Gauglitz JM, Sikora N, Vargas F (2020) Reproducible molecular networking of untargeted mass spectrometry data using GNPS. Nat Protoc 15(6):1954\u20131991","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"10","key":"4258_CR2","first-page":"16","volume":"3","author":"JA Cherry","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cherry JA (2011) Ecology of wetland ecosystems: water, substrate, and life. Nat Educ Knowl 3(10):16","journal-title":"Nat Educ Knowl"},{"issue":"4","key":"4258_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0344-8","volume":"16","author":"K D\u00fchrkop","year":"2019","unstructured":"D\u00fchrkop K, Fleischauer M, Ludwig M, Aksenov AA, Melnik AV, Meusel M, Dorrestein PC, Rousu J, B\u00f6cker S (2019) SIRIUS 4: a rapid tool for turning tandem mass spectra into metabolite structure information. Nat Methods 16(4):299\u2013302","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"4258_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0740-8","volume":"39","author":"K D\u00fchrkop","year":"2021","unstructured":"D\u00fchrkop K, Nothias L-F, Fleischauer M, Reher R, Ludwig M, Hoffmann MA, Petras D, Gerwick WH, Rousu J, Dorrestein PC (2021) Systematic classification of unknown metabolites using high-resolution fragmentation mass spectra. Nat Biotechnol 39(4):462\u2013471","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"4258_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137063","volume":"716","author":"KD Duncan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Duncan KD, Richards LC, Monaghan J, Simair MC, Ajaero C, Peru KM, Friesen V, McMartin DW, Headley JV, Gill CG (2020) Direct analysis of naphthenic acids in constructed wetland samples by condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry. Sci Total Environ 716:137063","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"4258_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenfield R, Van Vuren J, Wepener V (2007) Determination of sediment quality in the Nyl River system, Limpopo province, South Africa. Water SA 33(5)","DOI":"10.4314\/wsa.v33i5.184090"},{"issue":"2","key":"4258_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2989\/16085914.2011.653005","volume":"37","author":"R Greenfield","year":"2012","unstructured":"Greenfield R, Van Vuren J, Wepener V (2012) Heavy metal concentrations in the water of the Nyl River system, South Africa. Afr J Aquat Sci 37(2):219\u2013224","journal-title":"Afr J Aquat Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4258_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.08.026","volume":"90","author":"ED Levin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Levin ED, Bencan Z, Cerutti DT (2007) Anxiolytic effects of nicotine in zebrafish. Physiol Behav 90(1):54\u201358","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"10","key":"4258_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14593","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-31968-0","volume":"31","author":"C Mart\u00ednez-Meg\u00edas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Meg\u00edas C, Arenas-S\u00e1nchez A, Manjarr\u00e9s-L\u00f3pez D, P\u00e9rez S, Soriano Y, Pic\u00f3 Y, Rico A (2024) Pharmaceutical and pesticide mixtures in a Mediterranean coastal wetland: comparison of sampling methods, ecological risks, and removal by a constructed wetland. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31(10):14593\u201314609","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4258_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1093\/yiel\/yvab061","volume":"31","author":"MA Mekouar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mekouar MA (2020) 15. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Yearb Int Environ Law 31(1):326\u2013340","journal-title":"Yearb Int Environ Law"},{"key":"4258_CR11","unstructured":"Mitsch WJ, Gosselink JG (2015) Wetlands. John Wiley & Sons"},{"issue":"3","key":"4258_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22195","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.22195","volume":"85","author":"J Nathan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nathan J, Shameera R, Sivakumar K, Rajendran S, Perumal E (2024) Noscapine modulates hypoxia-induced angiogenesis and hemodynamics: insights from a zebrafish model investigation. Drug Dev Res 85(3):e22195","journal-title":"Drug Dev Res"},{"key":"4258_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.129450","volume":"271","author":"D Petras","year":"2021","unstructured":"Petras D, Minich JJ, Cancelada LB, Torres RR, Kunselman E, Wang M, White ME, Allen EE, Prather KA, Aluwihare LI (2021) Non-targeted tandem mass spectrometry enables the visualization of organic matter chemotype shifts in coastal seawater. Chemosphere 271:129450","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"3","key":"4258_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-023-01981-4","volume":"19","author":"A-T Ramabulana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramabulana A-T, Petras D, Madala NE, Tugizimana F (2023) Mass spectrometry DDA parameters and global coverage of the metabolome: spectral molecular networks of Momordica cardiospermoides plants. Metabolomics 19(3):18","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"issue":"34","key":"4258_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12673","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c01202","volume":"95","author":"P Stincone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stincone P, Pakkir Shah AK, Schmid R, Graves LG, Lambidis SP, Torres RR, Xia S-N, Minda V, Aron AT, Wang M (2023) Evaluation of data-dependent MS\/MS acquisition parameters for non-targeted metabolomics and molecular networking of environmental samples: focus on the Q exactive platform. Anal Chem 95(34):12673\u201312682","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"4258_CR16","unstructured":"Tshimomola T (2017) The population Biology of Sclerocarya birrea at Nylsvley Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa"},{"issue":"5","key":"4258_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-011-4826-5","volume":"400","author":"P Vazquez-Roig","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vazquez-Roig P, Andreu V, Onghena M, Blasco C, Pic\u00f3 Y (2011) Assessment of the occurrence and distribution of pharmaceuticals in a Mediterranean wetland (L\u2019Albufera, Valencia, Spain) by LC-MS\/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 400(5):1287\u20131301","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"4258_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.5589\/m08-080","volume":"35","author":"J Whitcomb","year":"2009","unstructured":"Whitcomb J, Moghaddam M, McDonald K, Kellndorfer J, Podest E (2009) Mapping vegetated wetlands of Alaska using L-band radar satellite imagery. Can J Remote Sens 35(1):54\u201372","journal-title":"Can J Remote Sens"}],"container-title":["Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00128-026-04258-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00128-026-04258-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00128-026-04258-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T18:02:32Z","timestamp":1782151352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00128-026-04258-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["4258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00128-026-04258-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-4861","1432-0800"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-4861","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0800","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"105"}}