{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T01:54:21Z","timestamp":1768096461481,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,6]],"date-time":"2017-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496707200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Orthop\u00e4de"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00132-017-3436-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,6]],"date-time":"2017-06-06T08:20:11Z","timestamp":1496737211000},"page":"785-804","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Spondylodiszitis","Spondylodiscitis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"I.","family":"Michiels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"J\u00e4ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"3436_CR1","first-page":"iii11","volume":"65","author":"T Gouliouris","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gouliouris T, Aliyu SH, Brown NM (2010) Spondylodiscitis: update on diagnosis and management. J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother 65(Suppl 3):iii11\u2013iii24","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"3436_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.11.011","volume":"68","author":"M Kehrer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kehrer M, Pedersen C, Jensen TG et al (2014) Increasing incidence of pyogenic spondylodiscitis: a\u00a014-year population-based study. J\u00a0Infect 68:313\u2013320","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"3436_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldw003","volume":"117","author":"EK Nickerson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nickerson EK, Sinha R (2016) Vertebral osteomyelitis in adults: an update. Br Med Bull 117:121\u2013138","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"3436_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-4318-y","volume":"25","author":"JP Rutges","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rutges JP, Kempen DH, Van Dijk M et\u00a0al (2016) Outcome of conservative and surgical treatment of pyogenic spondylodiscitis: a\u00a0systematic literature review. Eur Spine\u00a0J 25:983\u2013999","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"3436_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1007\/s00132-012-1914-y","volume":"41","author":"B Lehner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lehner B, Akbar M, Rehnitz C et\u00a0al (2012) Standards der mikrobiologischen Diagnostik der Spondylodiszitis. Orthop\u00e4de 41:702\u2013710","journal-title":"Orthop\u00e4de"},{"key":"3436_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2015.0009","volume":"97","author":"A Sur","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sur A, Tsang K, Brown M et\u00a0al (2015) Management of adult spontaneous spondylodiscitis and its rising incidence. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 97:451\u2013455","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"3436_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2008.03.002","volume":"39","author":"E Mylona","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mylona E, Samarkos M, Kakalou E et\u00a0al (2009) Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis: a\u00a0systematic review of clinical characteristics. Semin Arthritis Rheum 39:10\u201317","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"3436_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2016.186","author":"H Patel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patel H, Khoury H, Girgenti D et\u00a0al (2016) Burden of surgical site infections associated with select spine operations and involvement of staphylococcus aureus. Surg Infect (Larchmt). doi:\n                        10.1089\/sur.2016.186","journal-title":"Surg Infect (Larchmt)"},{"key":"3436_CR9","first-page":"181","volume":"105","author":"R Sobottke","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sobottke R, Seifert H, Fatkenheuer G et\u00a0al (2008) Current diagnosis and treatment of spondylodiscitis. Dtsch Arztebl Int 105:181\u2013187","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"3436_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.93B9.27002","volume":"93","author":"K Alpantaki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alpantaki K, Katonis P, Hadjipavlou AG et\u00a0al (2011) Herpes virus infection can cause intervertebral disc degeneration: a\u00a0causal relationship? J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br 93:1253\u20131258","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"3436_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.6.FOCUS14127","volume":"37","author":"LT Arko","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arko LT, Quach E, Nguyen V et\u00a0al (2014) Medical and surgical management of spinal epidural abscess: a\u00a0systematic review. Neurosurg Focus 37:E4","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"3436_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ482","volume":"61","author":"EF Berbari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berbari EF, Kanj SS, Kowalski TJ et\u00a0al (2015) 2015 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of native vertebral osteomyelitis in adults. Clin Infect Dis 61:e26\u2013e46","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"3436_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1 p preceding E","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.6.FOCUS14293","volume":"37","author":"PC Hsieh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hsieh PC, Liu JC, Wang MY (2014) Introduction: vertebral osteomyelitis and spinal epidural abscess. Neurosurg Focus 37:1 p preceding E1","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"3436_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.6.FOCUS14143","volume":"37","author":"D Srinivasan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Srinivasan D, Terman SW, Himedan M et\u00a0al (2014) Risk factors for the development of deformity in patients with spinal infection. Neurosurg Focus 37:E2","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"3436_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1053\/sarh.2002.29492","volume":"31","author":"JM Nolla","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nolla JM, Ariza J, Gomez-Vaquero C et al (2002) Spontaneous pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis in nondrug users. Semin Arthritis Rheum 31:271\u2013278","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"3436_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s00132-012-1920-0","volume":"41","author":"C Fleege","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fleege C, Wichelhaus TA, Rauschmann M (2012) Systemische und lokale Antibiotikatherapie bei konservativ und operativ behandelten Spondylodiszitiden. Orthop\u00e4de 41:727\u2013735","journal-title":"Orthop\u00e4de"},{"key":"3436_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2011.01.125","volume":"81","author":"JK Sehn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sehn JK, Gilula LA (2012) Percutaneous needle biopsy in diagnosis and identification of causative organisms in cases of suspected vertebral osteomyelitis. Eur J Radiol 81:940\u2013946","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"3436_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2015.58.3.271","volume":"58","author":"DK Jeong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jeong DK, Lee HW, Kwon YM (2015) Clinical value of procalcitonin in patients with spinal infection. J\u00a0Korean Neurosurg Soc 58:271\u2013275","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"3436_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2850-1","volume":"22","author":"RM Duarte","year":"2013","unstructured":"Duarte RM, Vaccaro AR (2013) Spinal infection: state of the art and management algorithm. Eur Spine\u00a0J 22:2787\u20132799","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"3436_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199709150-00005","volume":"22","author":"EJ Carragee","year":"1997","unstructured":"Carragee EJ, Kim D, Van Der Vlugt T et\u00a0al (1997) The clinical use of erythrocyte sedimentation rate in pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis. Spine 22:2089\u20132093","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"3436_CR21","volume-title":"Mycobacteria and TB: a\u00a0valuable update for researchers and clinicians. Issues in infectious diseases","author":"SHE Kaufmann","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kaufmann SHE, Hahn H (2003) Mycobacteria and TB: a\u00a0valuable update for researchers and clinicians. Issues in infectious diseases. Karger, Basel"},{"key":"3436_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2015.03.027","volume":"84","author":"T Kakigi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kakigi T, Okada T, Sakai O et\u00a0al (2015) Subcutaneous fluid collection: an imaging marker for treatment response of infectious thoracolumbar spondylodiscitis. Eur J Radiol 84:1306\u20131312","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"3436_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.6.FOCUS14120","volume":"37","author":"GM Ghobrial","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ghobrial GM, Beygi S, Viereck MJ et\u00a0al (2014) Timing in the surgical evacuation of spinal epidural abscesses. Neurosurg Focus 37:E1","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"3436_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1086\/505118","volume":"43","author":"TJ Kowalski","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kowalski TJ, Berbari EF, Huddleston PM et al (2006) Do follow-up imaging examinations provide useful prognostic information in patients with spine infection? Clin Infect Dis 43:172\u2013179","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"3436_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E12","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.6.FOCUS14141","volume":"37","author":"N Takebe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Takebe N, Iwasaki K, Hashikata H et al (2014) Intramedullary spinal cord abscess and subsequent granuloma formation: a\u00a0rare complication of vertebral osteomyelitis detected by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosurg Focus 37:E12","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"3436_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e536","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20140528-53","volume":"37","author":"G Calvert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Calvert G, May LA, Theiss S (2014) Use of permanently placed metal expandable cages for vertebral body reconstruction in the surgical treatment of spondylodiscitis. Orthopedics 37:e536\u2013e542","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"3436_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1080\/17453670810016678","volume":"79","author":"EJ Karadimas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Karadimas EJ, Bunger C, Lindblad BE et\u00a0al (2008) Spondylodiscitis. A retrospective study of 163 patients. Acta Orthop 79:650\u2013659","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"key":"3436_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.07.479","volume":"14","author":"LA Nasto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nasto LA, Colangelo D, Mazzotta V et al (2014) Is posterior percutaneous screw-rod instrumentation a\u00a0safe and effective alternative approach to TLSO rigid bracing for single-level pyogenic spondylodiscitis? Results of a\u00a0retrospective cohort analysis. Spine\u00a0J 14:1139\u20131146","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"3436_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2614-3","volume":"22","author":"K Valancius","year":"2013","unstructured":"Valancius K, Hansen ES, Hoy K et\u00a0al (2013) Failure modes in conservative and surgical management of infectious spondylodiscitis. Eur Spine\u00a0J 22:1837\u20131844","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"3436_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E452","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a0aa5b","volume":"34","author":"R Sobottke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sobottke R, Zarghooni K, Krengel M et al (2009) Treatment of spondylodiscitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: a\u00a0comparison of conservative and operative therapy. Spine 34:E452\u2013E458","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"3436_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31823b01b8","volume":"37","author":"Z Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang Z, Lenehan B, Itshayek E et\u00a0al (2012) Primary pyogenic infection of the spine in intravenous drug users: a\u00a0prospective observational study. Spine 37:685\u2013692","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"3436_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-011-1441-1","volume":"36","author":"E Guerado","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guerado E, Cervan AM (2012) Surgical treatment of spondylodiscitis. An update. Int Orthop 36:413\u2013420","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"3436_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61233-2","volume":"385","author":"L Bernard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bernard L, Dinh A, Ghout I et al (2015) Antibiotic treatment for 6\u00a0weeks versus 12\u00a0weeks in patients with pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis: an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 385:875\u2013882","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3436_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.07.026","volume":"67","author":"KH Park","year":"2013","unstructured":"Park KH, Chong YP, Kim SH et al (2013) Clinical characteristics and therapeutic outcomes of hematogenous vertebral osteomyelitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J\u00a0Infect 67:556\u2013564","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"3436_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2014.09.027","volume":"127","author":"M Schomacher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schomacher M, Finger T, Koeppen D et\u00a0al (2014) Application of titanium and polyetheretherketone cages in the treatment of pyogenic spondylodiscitis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 127:65\u201370","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"3436_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-836455","volume":"143","author":"T Lerner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lerner T, Hackenberg L, Rosler S et\u00a0al (2005) Surgical therapy of unspecific and specific Spondylodiscitis. Z\u00a0Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 143:204\u2013212","journal-title":"Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb"},{"key":"3436_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.12.SPINE09428","volume":"12","author":"M Rayes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rayes M, Colen CB, Bahgat DA et\u00a0al (2010) Safety of instrumentation in patients with spinal infection. J\u00a0Neurosurg Spine 12:647\u2013659","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"3436_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815cde3e","volume":"32","author":"RT Allen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Allen RT, Lee YP, Stimson E et al (2007) Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in the treatment of pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis. Spine 32:2996\u20133006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"3436_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.4103\/2319-4170.112742","volume":"36","author":"TS Fu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fu TS, Chen LH, Chen WJ (2013) Minimally invasive percutaneous endoscopic discectomy and drainage for infectious spondylodiscitis. Biomed\u00a0J 36:168\u2013174","journal-title":"Biomed J"},{"key":"3436_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.6.FOCUS14142","volume":"37","author":"AS Mohamed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mohamed AS, Yoo J, Hart R et\u00a0al (2014) Posterior fixation without debridement for vertebral body osteomyelitis and discitis. Neurosurg Focus 37:E6","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"3436_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2006.4.6.441","volume":"4","author":"C Woertgen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Woertgen C, Rothoerl RD, Englert C et al (2006) Pyogenic spinal infections and outcome according to the 36-item short form health survey. J\u00a0Neurosurg Spine 4:441\u2013446","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"}],"container-title":["Der Orthop\u00e4de"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00132-017-3436-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00132-017-3436-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00132-017-3436-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]],"date-time":"2017-09-11T16:02:10Z","timestamp":1505145730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00132-017-3436-0"}},"subtitle":["Aktuelle Strategien zur Diagnose und Therapie","Current strategies for diagnosis and treatment"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,6]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["3436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00132-017-3436-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0085-4530","1433-0431"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0085-4530","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-0431","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,6]]}}}