{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:46:47Z","timestamp":1790693207021,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intensive Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06394-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T13:03:34Z","timestamp":1618837414000},"page":"521-537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":260,"title":["Corticosteroids in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 ARDS: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8305-1481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dipayan","family":"Chaudhuri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyoka","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aram","family":"Karkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameer","family":"Sharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj J.","family":"Mammen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhikang","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Enrique Colunga","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Warrer","family":"Munch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Perner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Mbuagbaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waleed","family":"Alhazzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Pastores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Lamontagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djillali","family":"Annane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco Umberto","family":"Meduri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bram","family":"Rochwerg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"6394_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.16747","author":"HC Prescott","year":"2020","unstructured":"Prescott HC, Rice TW (2020) Corticosteroids in COVID-19 ARDS: evidence and hope during the pandemic. JAMA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.16747","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"6394_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1705716","volume":"378","author":"D Annane","year":"2018","unstructured":"Annane D, Renault A, Brun-Buisson C et al (2018) Hydrocortisone plus fludrocortisone for adults with septic shock. N Engl J Med 378:809\u2013818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1705716","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6394_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30417-5","volume":"8","author":"J Villar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Villar J, Ferrando C, Mart\u00ednez D et al (2020) Dexamethasone treatment for the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 8:267\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30417-5","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"6394_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E755","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200645","volume":"192","author":"Z Ye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ye Z, Wang Y, Colunga-Lozano LE et al (2020) Efficacy and safety of corticosteroids in COVID-19 based on evidence for COVID-19, other coronavirus infections, influenza, community-acquired pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ 192:E755\u2013E767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.200645","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"6394_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00143-09","volume":"47","author":"J Weile","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weile J, Streeck B, Muck J et al (2009) Severe cytomegalovirus-associated esophagitis in an immunocompetent patient after short-term steroid therapy. J Clin Microbiol 47:3031\u20133033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.00143-09","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"6394_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.09.012","author":"A Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar A, Paulose R, Sadasivan S et al (2020) Sarcoidosis, steroids and Strongyloides\u2014what\u2019s the catch? Clin Microbiol Infect. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.09.012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"6394_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17023","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2020","unstructured":"WHO Rapid Evidence Appraisal for COVID-19 Therapies (REACT) Working Group, Sterne JAC, Murthy S et al (2020) Association between administration of systemic corticosteroids and mortality among critically ill patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis. JAMA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.17023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"6394_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3379","author":"F Lamontagne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lamontagne F, Agoritsas T, MacDonald H et al (2020) A living WHO guideline on drugs for covid-19. BMJ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m3379","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"6394_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1608077","volume":"377","author":"BT Thompson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thompson BT, Chambers RC, Liu KD (2017) Acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 377:562\u2013572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1608077","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6394_CR10","first-page":"276","volume":"130","author":"MJ Mammen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mammen MJ, Aryal K, Alhazzani W, Alexander PE (2020) Corticosteroids for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Polish Arch Intern Med 130:276\u2013286","journal-title":"Polish Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"6394_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2009.08.009","volume":"25","author":"F Lamontagne","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lamontagne F, Briel M, Guyatt GH et al (2010) Corticosteroid therapy for acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and severe pneumonia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Crit Care 25:420\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrc.2009.08.009","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"6394_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, et al (1994) The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS: definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. In: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. American Thoracic Society, pp 818\u2013824","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.149.3.7509706"},{"key":"6394_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.5669","volume":"307","author":"VM Ranieri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT et al (2012) Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin definition. JAMA 307:2526\u20132533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2012.5669","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"6394_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","volume":"336","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE et al (2008) GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 336:924\u2013926","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"6394_CR15","unstructured":"Chapter 6: Choosing effect measures and computing estimates of effect | Cochrane Training. https:\/\/training.cochrane.org\/handbook\/current\/chapter-06#_Ref186713714. Accessed 14 Sep 2020"},{"key":"6394_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E901","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200077","volume":"192","author":"S Schandelmaier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schandelmaier S, Briel M, Varadhan R et al (2020) Development of the instrument to assess the credibility of effect modification analyses (ICEMAN) in randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses. CMAJ 192:E901\u2013E906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.200077","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"6394_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-017-0315-7","volume":"17","author":"J Wetterslev","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wetterslev J, Jakobsen JC, Gluud C (2017) Trial sequential analysis in systematic reviews with meta-analysis. BMC Med Res Methodol 17:39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-017-0315-7","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"6394_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2100","volume":"131","author":"GU Meduri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Meduri GU, Golden E, Freire AX et al (2007) Methylprednisolone infusion in early severe ards: results of a randomized controlled trial. Chest 131:954\u2013963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.06-2100","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"6394_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1511-2","volume":"20","author":"S Tongyoo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tongyoo S, Permpikul C, Mongkolpun W et al (2016) Hydrocortisone treatment in early sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: results of a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 20:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-016-1511-2","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"6394_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcdt.2013.02.013","volume":"62","author":"N Abdelsalam Rezk","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abdelsalam Rezk N, Mohamed Ibrahim A (2013) Effects of methyl prednisolone in early ARDS. Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberc 62:167\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejcdt.2013.02.013","journal-title":"Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberc"},{"key":"6394_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051693","volume":"354","author":"KP Steinberg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Steinberg KP, Hudson LD, Goodman RB et al (2006) Efficacy and safety of corticosteroids for persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 354:1671\u20131684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa051693","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6394_CR22","first-page":"599","volume":"51","author":"L Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu L, Li J, Huang Y-z et al (2012) The effect of stress dose glucocorticoid on patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome combined with critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 51:599\u2013603","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"6394_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.2.159","volume":"280","author":"GU Meduri","year":"1998","unstructured":"Meduri GU, Headley AS, Golden E et al (1998) Effect of prolonged methylprednisolone therapy in unresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 280:159\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.280.2.159","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"6394_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000194723.78632.62","volume":"34","author":"D Annane","year":"2006","unstructured":"Annane D, S\u00e9bille V, Bellissant E (2006) Effect of low doses of corticosteroids in septic shock patients with or without early acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 34:22\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.CCM.0000194723.78632.62","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"6394_CR25","first-page":"443","volume":"36","author":"S Zhi-fang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhi-fang S, Li-jun Y (2016) Effect of glucocorticoid on extravascular lung water in the patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Chinese J Crit Care Med 36:443\u2013447","journal-title":"Chinese J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"6394_CR26","first-page":"57","volume":"22","author":"M Zhou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhou M (2015) Application value of glucocorticoids in comprehensive treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by severe community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Med Eng 22:57\u201358","journal-title":"Clin Med Eng"},{"key":"6394_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17021","author":"BM Tomazini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tomazini BM, Maia IS, Cavalcanti AB et al (2020) Effect of dexamethasone on days alive and ventilator-free in patients with moderate or severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and COVID-19: the CoDEX randomized clinical trial. JAMA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.17021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"6394_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1177","author":"CMP Jeronimo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jeronimo CMP, Farias MEL, Val FFA et al (2020) Methylprednisolone as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with COVID-19 (Metcovid): a randomised, double-blind, phase IIb, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1177","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"6394_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2021436","author":"P Horby","year":"2020","unstructured":"RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Horby P, Shen Lim W et al (2020) Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19\u2014preliminary report. N Engl J Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa2021436","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6394_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202003-192SD","volume":"17","author":"DC Angus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Angus DC, Berry S, Lewis RJ et al (2020) The remap-cap (Randomized embedded multifactorial adaptive platform for community-acquired pneumonia) Study rationale and design. Ann Am Thorac Soc 17:879\u2013891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202003-192SD","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"6394_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002737","volume":"45","author":"D Annane","year":"2017","unstructured":"Annane D, Pastores SM, Rochwerg B et al (2017) Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) in critically ill patients (Part I). Crit Care Med 45:2078\u20132088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002737","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"6394_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-018-0321-9","volume":"6","author":"GU Meduri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meduri GU, Siemieniuk RAC, Ness RA, Seyler SJ (2018) Prolonged low-dose methylprednisolone treatment is highly effective in reducing duration of mechanical ventilation and mortality in patients with ARDS. J Intensive Care 6:53","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"6394_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06289-8","volume":"46","author":"GU Meduri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meduri GU, Annane PD, Confalonieri M et al (2020) Pharmacological principles guiding prolonged glucocorticoid treatment In ARDS. Intensive Care Med 46(12):2284\u20132296","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"6394_CR34","unstructured":"Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines on the Treatment and Management of Patients with COVID-19. https:\/\/www.idsociety.org\/practice-guideline\/covid-19-guideline-treatment-and-management\/. Accessed 11 Oct 2020"},{"key":"6394_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30304-0","volume":"8","author":"E Fan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fan E, Beitler JR, Brochard L et al (2020) COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: is a different approach to management warranted? Lancet Respir Med 8:816\u2013821","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"6394_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.07.028","volume":"158","author":"MJ Tobin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tobin MJ (2020) Does making a diagnosis of ARDS in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 matter? Chest 158:2275\u20132277","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"6394_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.6047","author":"LDJ Bos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bos LDJ, Brodie D, Calfee CS (2020) Severe COVID-19 infections\u2014knowledge gained and remaining questions. JAMA Intern Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.6047","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Intensive Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00134-021-06394-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00134-021-06394-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00134-021-06394-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T03:03:53Z","timestamp":1621566233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00134-021-06394-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["6394"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-021-06394-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0342-4642","1432-1238"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0342-4642","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1238","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"AP is the sponsor and MWM the coordinating investigator of the COVID STEROID trial, which is funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation and supported by Pfizer Inc. WA is the chair of the Surviving Sepsis COVID guideline. BR was the methodologist for the 2017 CIRCI SCCM guidelines and on the methods team for the WHO corticosteroid in COVID guideline. SP served as co-chair of the SCCM\/ESICM 2017 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Critical Illness-Related Corticosteroid Insufficiency (CIRCI) in Critically Ill Patients. DA has been the co-chair of the SCCM\/ESICM guidelines on the diagnosis and management of CIRCI 2017 (PMID:\u00a029095205;\u00a0PMID:\u00a029090327;\u00a0PMID:\u00a028940017;\u00a0PMID:\u00a028940011;\u00a0PMID:\u00a028938253;\u00a0PMID:\u00a028938251). He was a member of\u00a0WHO Rapid Evidence Appraisal for COVID-19 Therapies (REACT) Working Group which has published a prospective meta-analysis on the use of corticosteroids for COVID-19 (PMID:\u00a032876694;\u00a0PMID:\u00a032831155); and a member of the steering committee of BMJ\/GRADE rapid recommendations for corticosteroids for sepsis (PMID:\u00a030097460;\u00a0PMID:\u00a029979221). DA is coordinating the individual patient data meta-analysis on hydrocortisone for septic shock (PMID:\u00a033268422) and has coordinated the Cochrane trial-level meta-analysis on the use of corticosteroids for children and adults with sepsis (PMID:\u00a031808551). DA has been the PI of the following trials on corticosteroids for sepsis (and or ARDS) PMID:\u00a020103758; PMID:\u00a018184957;\u00a0PMID:\u00a016374152;\u00a0PMID:\u00a012186604; PMID:\u00a029490185. DA was the member of the steering committee of the following trials of corticosteroids for COVID-19:\u00a0PMID:\u00a032876697;\u00a0PMID:\u00a032876689. DA has received no personal rewards for any of the above mentioned academic activities. LM does paid consulting work for Bayer (oncology), AstraZeneca (biologics for asthma) and Janseen (TB drugs). GUM served as a member of the SCCM\/ESICM 2017 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Critical Illness-Related Corticosteroid Insufficiency (CIRCI) in Critically Ill Patients. MJM serves as a co-author on the Surviving Sepsis COVID guideline. FL contributed to systematic reviews and clinical trials of evaluating the effects of corticosteroids in ARDS and pneumonia and chaired the WHO corticosteroid in COVID guideline.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}