{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T14:26:13Z","timestamp":1793715973842,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"CIHR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CIHRFRN144048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIHRFRN144048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intensive Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06490-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T14:03:15Z","timestamp":1628690595000},"page":"943-960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to prevent delirium in critically ill patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6545-3890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa D.","family":"Burry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neill K.","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Egerod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salmaan","family":"Kanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio M.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Hutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"6490_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00223-4","volume":"6","author":"JE Wilson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilson JE, Mart MF, Cunningham C, Shehabi Y, Girard TD, MacLullich AMJ, Slooter AJC, Ely EW (2020) Delirium. Nat Rev Dis Primers 6:90","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"6490_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e825","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003299","volume":"46","author":"JW Devlin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, Gelinas C, Needham DM, Slooter AJC, Pandharipande PP, Watson PL, Weinhouse GL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, Balas MC, van den Boogaard M, Bosma KJ, Brummel NE, Chanques G, Denehy L, Drouot X, Fraser GL, Harris JE, Joffe AM, Kho ME, Kress JP, Lanphere JA, McKinley S, Neufeld KJ, Pisani MA, Payen JF, Pun BT, Puntillo KA, Riker RR, Robinson BRH, Shehabi Y, Szumita PM, Winkelman C, Centofanti JE, Price C, Nikayin S, Misak CJ, Flood PD, Kiedrowski K, Alhazzani W (2018) Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation\/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU. Crit Care Med 46:e825\u2013e873","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"6490_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h2538","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h2538","volume":"350","author":"JI Salluh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Salluh JI, Wang H, Schneider EB, Nagaraja N, Yenokyan G, Damluji A, Serafim RB, Stevens RD (2015) Outcome of delirium in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 350:h2538","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"6490_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1208705","volume":"370","author":"MC Reade","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reade MC, Finfer S (2014) Sedation and delirium in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 370:444\u2013454","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6490_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182a16898","volume":"41","author":"GL Fraser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fraser GL, Devlin JW, Worby CP, Alhazzani W, Barr J, Dasta JF, Kress JP, Davidson JE, Spencer FA (2013) Benzodiazepine versus nonbenzodiazepine-based sedation for mechanically ventilated, critically ill adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med 41:S30-38","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"6490_CR6","first-page":"CD011749","volume":"9","author":"L Burry","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burry L, Hutton B, Williamson DR, Mehta S, Adhikari NK, Cheng W, Ely EW, Egerod I, Fergusson DA, Rose L (2019) Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of delirium in critically ill adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9:CD011749","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"6490_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-1860","volume":"171","author":"R Nikooie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nikooie R, Neufeld KJ, Oh ES, Wilson LM, Zhang A, Robinson KA, Needham DM (2019) Antipsychotics for treating delirium in hospitalized adults: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 171:485\u2013495","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"6490_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199903043400901","volume":"340","author":"SK Inouye","year":"1999","unstructured":"Inouye SK, Bogardus ST, Charpentier PA, Leo-Summers L, Acampora D, Holford TR, Cooney LM (1999) A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients. N Engl J Med 340:669\u2013676","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6490_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5452-x","volume":"45","author":"L Bannon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bannon L, McGaughey J, Verghis R, Clarke M, McAuley DF, Blackwood B (2019) The effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions in reducing the incidence and duration of delirium in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 45:1\u201312","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"6490_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2029540","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.29540","volume":"3","author":"M Kennedy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kennedy M, Helfand BKI, Gou RY, Gartaganis SL, Webb M, Moccia JM, Bruursema SN, Dokic B, McCulloch B, Ring H, Margolin JD, Zhang E, Anderson R, Babine RL, Hshieh T, Wong AH, Taylor RA, Davenport K, Teresi B, Fong TG, Inouye SK (2020) Delirium in older patients with COVID-19 presenting to the emergency department. JAMA Netw Open 3:e2029540","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"6490_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X","volume":"9","author":"BT Pun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pun BT, Badenes R, Heras La Calle G, Orun OM, Chen W, Raman R, Simpson BK, Wilson-Linville S, Hinojal Olmedillo B, Vallejo de la Cueva A, van der Jagt M, Navarro Casado R, Leal Sanz P, Orhun G, Ferrer Gomez C, Nunez Vazquez K, Pineiro Otero P, Taccone FS, Gallego Curto E, Caricato A, Woien H, Lacave G, O\u2019Neal HR Jr, Peterson SJ, Brummel NE, Girard TD, Ely EW, Pandharipande PP, Group C-ICIS (2021) Prevalence and risk factors for delirium in critically ill patients with COVID-19 (COVID-D): a multicentre cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 9:239\u2013250","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"6490_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.7779","volume":"175","author":"TT Hshieh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hshieh TT, Yue J, Oh E, Puelle M, Dowal S, Travison T, Inouye SK (2015) Effectiveness of multicomponent nonpharmacological delirium interventions: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 175:512\u2013520","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"6490_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4365","volume":"76","author":"YC Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu YC, Tseng PT, Tu YK, Hsu CY, Liang CS, Yeh TC, Chen TY, Chu CS, Matsuoka YJ, Stubbs B, Carvalho AF, Wada S, Lin PY, Chen YW, Su KP (2019) Association of delirium response and safety of pharmacological interventions for the management and prevention of delirium: a network meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatr 76:526\u2013535","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatr"},{"key":"6490_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-016-1583-7","volume":"12","author":"B Rouse","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rouse B, Chaimani A, Li T (2017) Network meta-analysis: an introduction for clinicians. Intern Emerg Med 12:103\u2013111","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"6490_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0327-0","volume":"5","author":"LD Burry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burry LD, Hutton B, Guenette M, Williamson D, Mehta S, Egerod I, Kanji S, Adhikari NK, Moher D, Martin CM, Rose L (2016) Comparison of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to prevent delirium in critically ill patients: a protocol for a systematic review incorporating network meta-analyses. Syst Rev 5:153","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"6490_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","volume":"162","author":"B Hutton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hutton B, Salanti G, Caldwell DM, Chaimani A, Schmid CH, Cameron C, Ioannidis JP, Straus S, Thorlund K, Jansen JP, Mulrow C, Catala-Lopez F, Gotzsche PC, Dickersin K, Boutron I, Altman DG, Moher D (2015) The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations. Ann Intern Med 162:777\u2013784","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"6490_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e016371","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016371","volume":"7","author":"L Rose","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rose L, Agar M, Burry LD, Campbell N, Clarke M, Lee J, Siddiqi N, Page VJ, Cg D (2017) Development of core outcome sets for effectiveness trials of interventions to prevent and\/or treat delirium (Del-COrS): study protocol. BMJ Open 7:e016371","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"6490_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rose L, Burry L, Agar M, Campbell NL, Clarke M, Lee J, Marshall JC, Devlin JW, Blackwood B, Needham DM, Siddiqi N, Page V, Del CG (2021) A core outcome set for research evaluating interventions to prevent and\/or treat delirium in critically ill adults: an international consensus study (Del-COrS). Crit Care Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005028","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005028"},{"key":"6490_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sud S, Friedrich JO, Adhikari NK, Fan E, Ferguson ND, Guyatt G, Meade MO (2021) Comparative effectiveness of protective ventilation strategies for moderate and severe ARDS: network meta-analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 203(11):1366\u20131377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202008-3039OC","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202008-3039OC"},{"key":"6490_CR20","first-page":"ED000142","volume":"10","author":"M Cumpston","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Chandler J, Welch VA, Higgins JP, Thomas J (2019) Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10:ED000142","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"6490_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g5630","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g5630","volume":"349","author":"MA Puhan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Puhan MA, Schunemann HJ, Murad MH, Li T, Brignardello-Petersen R, Singh JA, Kessels AG, Guyatt GH, Group GW (2014) A GRADE Working Group approach for rating the quality of treatment effect estimates from network meta-analysis. BMJ 349:g5630","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"6490_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.10.014","volume":"119","author":"N Santesso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Santesso N, Glenton C, Dahm P, Garner P, Akl EA, Alper B, Brignardello-Petersen R, Carrasco-Labra A, De Beer H, Hultcrantz M, Kuijpers T, Meerpohl J, Morgan R, Mustafa R, Skoetz N, Sultan S, Wiysonge C, Guyatt G, Sch\u00fcnemann HJ (2020) GRADE guidelines 26: informative statements to communicate the findings of systematic reviews of interventions. J Clin Epidemiol 119:126\u2013135","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"6490_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6072","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3427","volume":"27","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2008","unstructured":"Higgins JP, White IR, Anzures-Cabrera J (2008) Meta-analysis of skewed data: combining results reported on log-transformed or raw scales. Stat Med 27:6072\u20136092","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"6490_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-135","volume":"14","author":"X Wan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wan X, Wang W, Liu J, Tong T (2014) Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and\/or interquartile range. BMC Med Res Methodol 14:135","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"6490_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","volume":"7","author":"R DerSimonian","year":"1986","unstructured":"DerSimonian R, Laird N (1986) Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 7:177\u2013188","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"6490_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X12458724","volume":"33","author":"S Dias","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dias S, Sutton AJ, Ades AE, Welton NJ (2013) Evidence synthesis for decision making 2: a generalized linear modeling framework for pairwise and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Med Decis Mak 33:607\u2013617","journal-title":"Med Decis Mak"},{"key":"6490_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9868.00353","volume":"64","author":"DJ Spiegelhalter","year":"2002","unstructured":"Spiegelhalter DJ, Best NG, Carlin BP, Van Der Linde A (2002) Bayesian measures of model complexity and fit. J R Stat Soc Ser B (Stat Methodol) 64:583\u2013639","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B (Stat Methodol)"},{"key":"6490_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1080\/10618600.1998.10474787","volume":"7","author":"SP Brooks","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brooks SP, Gelman A (1998) General methods for monitoring convergence of iterative simulations. J Comput Graph Stat 7:434\u2013455","journal-title":"J Comput Graph Stat"},{"key":"6490_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.03.016","volume":"64","author":"G Salanti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Salanti G, Ades AE, Ioannidis JP (2011) Graphical methods and numerical summaries for presenting results from multiple-treatment meta-analysis: an overview and tutorial. J Clin Epidemiol 64:163\u2013171","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"6490_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1085","volume":"4","author":"S Donegan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Donegan S, Williamson P, D\u2019Alessandro U, Tudur Smith C (2013) Assessing key assumptions of network meta-analysis: a review of methods. Res Synth Methods 4:291\u2013323","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"6490_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gelman A, Ligges U, Sturtz S (2005) R2winbugs: a package for running WinBUGS from R. J Stat Softw. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v012.i03","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v012.i03"},{"key":"6490_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008929526011","volume":"10","author":"D Lunn","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lunn D, Thomas A, Best N, Spiegelhalter D (2000) WinBUGS\u2014a Bayesian modeling framework: concepts, structure and extensibility. Stat Comput 10:325\u2013337","journal-title":"Stat Comput"},{"key":"6490_CR33","unstructured":"Spiegelhalter DJTA, Best N, and Lunn D (2014) OpenBUGS user manual, version 3.2.3. MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, UK http:\/\/www.openbugs.net\/w\/Manuals"},{"key":"6490_CR34","first-page":"1571","volume":"17","author":"S Abbasi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abbasi S, Farsaei S, Ghasemi D, Mansourian M (2018) Potential role of exogenous melatonin supplement in delirium prevention in critically ill patients: a double-blind randomized pilot study. Iran J Pharm Res 17:1571\u20131580","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Res"},{"key":"6490_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egja.2016.05.008","volume":"32","author":"EF Abdelgalel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abdelgalel EF (2016) Dexmedetomidine versus haloperidol for prevention of delirium during non-invasive mechanical ventilation. Egypt J Anaesth 32:473\u2013481","journal-title":"Egypt J Anaesth"},{"key":"6490_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001411","volume":"44","author":"NS Al-Qadheeb","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Qadheeb NS, Skrobik Y, Schumaker G, Pacheco MN, Roberts RJ, Ruthazer RR, Devlin JW (2016) Preventing ICU subsyndromal delirium conversion to delirium with low-dose IV haloperidol: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Crit Care Med 44:583\u2013591","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"6490_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2017.03.016","volume":"40","author":"EA Alvarez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alvarez EA, Garrido MA, Tobar EA, Prieto SA, Vergara SO, Briceno CD, Gonzalez FJ (2017) Occupational therapy for delirium management in elderly patients without mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit. A pilot randomized clinical trial. J Crit Care 40:265","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"6490_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.SJA_303_17","volume":"12","author":"TMA Azeem","year":"2018","unstructured":"Azeem TMA, Yosif NE, Alansary AM, Esmat IM, Mohamed AK (2018) Dexmedetomidine vs morphine and midazolam in the prevention and treatment of delirium after adult cardiac surgery; a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial. Saudi J Anaesth 12:190\u2013197","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth"},{"key":"6490_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/ams2.368","volume":"5","author":"K Azuma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Azuma K, Takaesu Y, Soeda H, Iguchi A, Uchida K, Ohta S, Mishima S, Inoue T, Inoue Y, Oda J (2018) Ability of suvorexant to prevent delirium in patients in the intensive care unit: a randomized controlled trial. Acute Med Surg 5:362\u2013368","journal-title":"Acute Med Surg"},{"key":"6490_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.0160","volume":"319","author":"M van den Boogaard","year":"2018","unstructured":"van den Boogaard M, Slooter AJC, Bruggemann RJM, Schoonhoven L, Beishuizen A, Vermeijden JW, Pretorius D, de Koning J, Simons KS, Dennesen PJW, Van Der Voort PHJ, Houterman S, van der Hoeven JG, Pickkers P, Reduce SI (2018) Effect of haloperidol on survival among critically ill adults with a high risk of delirium: The REDUCE randomized clinical trial. JAMA 319:680\u2013690","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"6490_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-3136-0","volume":"40","author":"NE Brummel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brummel NE, Girard TD, Ely EW, Pandharipande PP, Morandi A, Hughes CG, Graves AJ, Shintani A, Murphy E, Work B, Pun BT, Boehm L, Gill TM, Dittus RS, Jackson JC (2014) Feasibility and safety of early combined cognitive and physical therapy for critically ill medical and surgical patients: the activity and cognitive therapy in ICU (ACT-ICU) trial. Intensive Care Med 40:370\u2013379","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"6490_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12313","volume":"58","author":"CS Burkhart","year":"2014","unstructured":"Burkhart CS, Dell-Kuster S, Siegemund M, Pargger H, Marsch S, Strebel SP, Steiner LA (2014) Effect of n-3 fatty acids on markers of brain injury and incidence of sepsis-associated delirium in septic patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 58:689\u2013700","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"6490_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2018.03.040","volume":"228","author":"YF Chang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chang YF, Chao A, Shih PY, Hsu YC, Lee CT, Tien YW, Yeh YC, Chen LW, Research NCoMM (2018) Comparison of dexmedetomidine versus propofol on hemodynamics in surgical critically ill patients. J Surg Res 228:194\u2013200","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"6490_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30304-1","volume":"5","author":"G Chanques","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chanques G, Conseil M, Roger C, Constantin JM, Prades A, Carr J, Muller L, Jung B, Belafia F, Cisse M, Delay JM, de Jong A, Lefrant JY, Futier E, Mercier G, Molinari N, Jaber S, investigators SO-Vs, (2017) Immediate interruption of sedation compared with usual sedation care in critically ill postoperative patients (SOS-Ventilation): a randomised, parallel-group clinical trial. Lancet Respir Med 5:795\u2013805","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"6490_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2017408","volume":"26","author":"LL Chlan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chlan LL, Skaar DJ, Tracy MF, Hayes SM, Hetland BD, Savik K, Weinert CR (2017) Safety and acceptability of patient-administered sedatives during mechanical ventilation. Am J Crit Care 26:288\u2013296","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"6490_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Damshens MSM, Javadpour S, Khaef MA, Rastgarian A (2018) The role of music on the delirium in traumatic patients: a case study in the ICU of Peymanieh Hospital of Jahrom, Fars Province, Iran. Ambient Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21276\/ambi.2018.05.sp1.ra11","DOI":"10.21276\/ambi.2018.05.sp1.ra11"},{"key":"6490_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-018-0399-1","volume":"8","author":"B de Jong","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Jong B, Schuppers AS, Kruisdijk-Gerritsen A, Arbouw MEL, van den Oever HLA, van Zanten ARH (2018) The safety and efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy in the intensive care unit: a randomised controlled pilot study. Ann Intensive Care 8:70","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"6490_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1865-0","volume":"21","author":"A Demoule","year":"2017","unstructured":"Demoule A, Carreira S, Lavault S, Pallanca O, Morawiec E, Mayaux J, Arnulf I, Similowski T (2017) Impact of earplugs and eye mask on sleep in critically ill patients: a prospective randomized study. Crit Care 21:284","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"6490_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-018-0425-3","volume":"8","author":"B de Jonghe","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Jonghe B, Leger J, Giraudeau B, Aissaoui N, Ehrmann S, SRLF Trial Group et al (2018) Impact of oversedation prevention in ventilated critically ill patients: a randomized trial-the AWARE study. Ann Intensive Care 8:93","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"6490_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-1448","volume":"145","author":"JW Devlin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Devlin JW, Al-Qadheeb NS, Chi A, Roberts RJ, Qawi I, Garpestad E, Hill NS (2014) Efficacy and safety of early dexmedetomidine during noninvasive ventilation for patients with acute respiratory failure. Chest 145:1204\u20131212","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"6490_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000951","volume":"124","author":"G Djaiani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Djaiani G, Silverton N, Fedorko L, Carroll J, Styra R, Rao V, Katznelson R (2016) Dexmedetomidine versus propofol sedation reduces delirium after cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology 124:362\u2013368","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"6490_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-9066.212985","volume":"22","author":"M Eghbali-Babadi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eghbali-Babadi M, Shokrollahi N, Mehrabi T (2017) Effect of family-patient communication on the incidence of delirium in hospitalized patients in cardiovascular surgery ICU. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 22:327\u2013331","journal-title":"Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res"},{"key":"6490_CR53","first-page":"228","volume":"59","author":"S Finotto","year":"2006","unstructured":"Finotto S, Artioli G, Davoli L, Barbara B (2006) Nursing interventions for the prevention of the delirium in intensive care unit (ICU): a randomized study. ProfInferm 59:228\u2013232","journal-title":"ProfInferm"},{"key":"6490_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000110","volume":"32","author":"B Foreman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Foreman B, Westwood AJ, Claassen J, Bazil CW (2015) Sleep in the neurological intensive care unit: feasibility of quantifying sleep after melatonin supplementation with environmental light and noise reduction. J Clin Neurophysiol 32:66\u201374","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"6490_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1286","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004690","volume":"48","author":"JV Gandolfi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gandolfi JV, Di Bernardo APA, Chanes DAV, Martin DF, Joles VB, Amendola CP, Sanches LC, Ciorlia GL, Lobo SM (2020) The effects of melatonin supplementation on sleep quality and assessment of the serum melatonin in ICU patients: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med 48:e1286\u2013e1293","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"6490_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60105-1","volume":"371","author":"TD Girard","year":"2008","unstructured":"Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD, Thomason JWW, Schweickert WD, Pun BT, Taichman DB, Dunn JG, Pohlman AS, Kinniry PA, Jackson JC, Canonico AE, Light RW, Shintani AK, Thompson JL, Gordon SM, Hall JB, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW (2008) Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (awakening and breathing controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 371:126\u2013134","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6490_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00228","volume":"8","author":"K Giraud","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giraud K, Pontin M, Sharples LD, Fletcher P, Dalgleish T, Eden A, Jenkins DP, Vuylsteke A (2016) Use of a structured mirrors intervention does not reduce delirium incidence but may Improve factual memory encoding in cadiac surgical ICU patients aged over 70 years: a pilot time-cluster randomized controlled trial. Front Aging Neurosci 8:228","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"6490_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2015.10.009","volume":"62","author":"Y Guo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guo Y, Sun L, Li L, Jia P, Zhang J, Jiang H, Jiang W (2016) Impact of multicomponent, nonpharmacologic interventions on perioperative cortisol and melatonin levels and postoperative delirium in elderly oral cancer patients. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 62:112\u2013117","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"6490_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31825153cc","volume":"116","author":"SM Hakim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hakim SM, Othman AI, Naoum DO (2012) Early treatment with risperidone for subsyndromal delirium after on-pump cardiac surgery in the elderly: a randomized trial. Anesthesiology 116:987\u2013997","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"6490_CR60","first-page":"479","volume":"40","author":"ZL Hu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hu ZL, Zhang ZC, Li DW, Shuai WZ, Zou JF (2015) The use of dexmedetomidine combined with propofol in mechanically ventilated patients. Med J Chin People\u2019s Lib Army 40:479\u2013483","journal-title":"Med J Chin People's Lib Army"},{"key":"6490_CR61","first-page":"3211","volume":"94","author":"F Huang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huang F, Wang J, Yang X, Xu H, Kong J, Liu S, Jin J (2014) Sedative effects of dexmedetomidine in post-operative elder patients on mechanical ventilation. Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih 94:3211\u20133215","journal-title":"Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih"},{"key":"6490_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024922","volume":"384","author":"CG Hughes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hughes CG, Mailloux PT, Devlin JW, Swan JT, Sanders RD, Anzueto A, Jackson JC, Hoskins AS, Pun BT, Orun OM, Raman R, Stollings JL, Kiehl AL, Duprey MS, Bui LN, O\u2019Neal HR Jr, Snyder A, Gropper MA, Guntupalli KK, Stashenko GJ, Patel MB, Brummel NE, Girard TD, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW, Pandharipande PP, Investigators MS (2021) Dexmedetomidine or propofol for sedation in mechanically ventilated adults with sepsis. N Engl J Med 384:1424\u20131436","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6490_CR63","first-page":"120","volume":"46","author":"F Javaherforoosh Zadeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Javaherforoosh Zadeh F, Janatmakan F, Shafaeebejestan E, Jorairahmadi S (2021) Effect of melatonin on delirium after on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized clinical trial. Iran J Med Sci 46:120\u2013127","journal-title":"Iran J Med Sci"},{"key":"6490_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johansson L, Lindahl B, Knutsson S, Ogren M, Persson WK, Ringdal M (2017) Evaluation of a sound environment intervention in an ICU: a feasibility study. Aust Crit Care 31(2):59\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.04.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.04.001"},{"key":"6490_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2018.03.007","volume":"47","author":"K Johnson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Johnson K, Fleury J, McClain D (2018) Music intervention to prevent delirium among older patients admitted to a trauma intensive care unit and a trauma orthopaedic unit. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 47:7\u201314","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"6490_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2015.12.003","volume":"37","author":"C Karadas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Karadas C, Ozdemir L (2016) The effect of range of motion exercises on delirium prevention among patients aged 65 and over in intensive care units. Geriatr Nurs 37:180\u2013185","journal-title":"Geriatr Nurs"},{"key":"6490_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.2088","volume":"317","author":"Y Kawazoe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kawazoe Y, Miyamoto K, Morimoto T, Yamamoto T, Fuke A, Hashimoto A, Koami H, Beppu S, Katayama Y, Itoh M, Ohta Y, Yamamura H, Dexmedetomidine for Sepsis in Intensive Care Unit Randomized Evaluation Trial I (2017) Effect of dexmedetomidine on mortality and ventilator-free days in patients requiring mechanical ventilation with sepsis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 317:1321\u20131328","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"6490_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.14799","volume":"316","author":"D Keh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Keh D, Trips E, Marx G, Wirtz SP, Abduljawwad E, Bercker S, Bogatsch H, Briegel J, Engel C, Gerlach H, Goldmann A, Kuhn SO, Huter L, Meier-Hellmann A, Nierhaus A, Kluge S, Lehmke J, Loeffler M, Oppert M, Resener K, Schadler D, Schuerholz T, Simon P, Weiler N, Weyland A, Reinhart K, Brunkhorst FM, SepNet-Critical Care Trials G (2016) Effect of hydrocortisone on development of shock among patients with severe sepsis: The HYPRESS randomized clinical trial. JAMA 316:1775\u20131785","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"6490_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15640","volume":"66","author":"BA Khan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khan BA, Perkins AJ, Campbell NL, Gao S, Khan SH, Wang S, Fuchita M, Weber DJ, Zarzaur BL, Boustani MA, Kesler K (2018) Preventing postoperative delirium after major noncardiac thoracic surgery-a randomized clinical trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 66:2289\u20132297","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"6490_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2020175","volume":"29","author":"SH Khan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khan SH, Xu C, Purpura R, Durrani S, Lindroth H, Wang S, Gao S, Heiderscheit A, Chlan L, Boustani M, Khan BA (2020) Decreasing delirium through music: a randomized pilot trial. Am J Crit Care 29:e31\u2013e38","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"6490_CR71","first-page":"50","volume":"28","author":"J Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li J, Dong C, Zhang H, Zhang H, Song R, Yang Z, Feng F, Qi Y, Yang J (2016) Study of prevention and control of delirium in ventilated patients by simulating blockage of circadian rhythm with sedative in intensive care unit. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 28:50\u201356","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue"},{"key":"6490_CR72","first-page":"128","volume":"19","author":"E Litton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Litton E, Elliott R, Ferrier J, Webb SAR (2017) Quality sleep using earplugs in the intensive care unit: the QUIET pilot randomised controlled trial. Crit Care Resusc 19:128\u2013133","journal-title":"Crit Care Resusc"},{"issue":"e0184310","key":"6490_CR73","first-page":"0182017","volume":"12","author":"D Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu D, Lyu J, Zhao H, An Y (2017) The influence of analgesic-based sedation protocols on delirium and outcomes in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE 12(e0184310):0182017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6490_CR74","first-page":"845","volume":"27","author":"J Lyu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lyu J, Liu D, An Y, Feng Y (2015) The influence of the sedation based on remifentanil analgesia on the occurrence of delirium in critically ill patients. Chin Crit Care Med 27:845\u2013849","journal-title":"Chin Crit Care Med"},{"key":"6490_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1080\/11101849.2021.1885956","volume":"37","author":"R Mahrose","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahrose R, Elserwi H, Maurice A, Elsersi M (2021) Postoperative delirium after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: dexmedetomidine infusion alone or with the addition of oral melatonin. Egypt J Anaesth 37:62\u201368","journal-title":"Egypt J Anaesth"},{"key":"6490_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.13872","volume":"308","author":"S Mehta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mehta S, Burry L, Cook D, Fergusson D, Steinberg M, Granton J, Herridge M, Ferguson N, Devlin J, Tanios M, Dodek P, Fowler R, Burns K, Jacka M, Olafson K, Skrobik Y, Hebert P, Sabri E, Meade M, Sleap I, Canadian Critical Care Trials G (2012) Daily sedation interruption in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients cared for with a sedation protocol: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 308:1985\u20131992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"6490_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2017.01.001","volume":"40","author":"ML Mitchell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mitchell ML, Kean S, Rattray JE, Hull AM, Davis C, Murfield JE, Aitken LM (2017) A family intervention to reduce delirium in hospitalised ICU patients: a feasibility randomised controlled trial. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 40:77\u201384","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"6490_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028015624938","volume":"50","author":"M Mohammadi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mohammadi M, Ahmadi M, Khalili H, Cheraghchi H, Arbabi M (2016) Cyproheptadine for the prevention of postoperative delirium: a pilot study. Ann Pharmacother 50:180\u2013187","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"6490_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-019-02802-1","volume":"76","author":"M Mokhtari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mokhtari M, Farasatinasab M, Jafarpour Machian M, Yaseri M, Ghorbani M, Ramak Hashemi SM, Nikoobakht M, Golchin N, Mohammadi G, Sistanizad M (2020) Aripiprazole for prevention of delirium in the neurosurgical intensive care unit: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 76:491\u2013499","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"6490_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2015.04.021","volume":"52","author":"KJ Moon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moon KJ, Lee SM (2015) The effects of a tailored intensive care unit delirium prevention protocol: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud 52:1423\u20131432","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"6490_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/2110-5820-4-14","volume":"4","author":"AP Nassar Junior","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nassar Junior AP, Park M (2014) (2014) Daily sedative interruption versus intermittent sedation in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a randomized trial. Ann Intensive Care 4:14","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"6490_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nishikimi M, Numaguchi A, Takahashi K, Miyagawa Y, Matsui K, Higashi M, Makishi G, Matsui S, Matsuda N (2018) Effect of administration of ramelteon, a melatonin receptor agonist, on the duration of stay in the ICU: a single-center randomized placebo-controlled trial. Crit Care Med 46(7):1099\u20131105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003132","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003132"},{"key":"6490_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.12438","volume":"25","author":"P Nydahl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nydahl P, Gunther U, Diers A, Hesse S, Kerschensteiner C, Klarmann S, Borzikowsky C, Kopke S (2020) PROtocol-based MObilizaTION on intensive care units: stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized pilot study (pro-motion). Nurs Crit Care 25:368\u2013375","journal-title":"Nurs Crit Care"},{"key":"6490_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2011.03.003","volume":"27","author":"H Ono","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ono H, Taguchi T, Kido Y, Fujino Y, Doki Y (2011) The usefulness of bright light therapy for patients after oesophagectomy. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 27:158\u2013166","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"6490_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.22.2644","volume":"298","author":"PP Pandharipande","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pandharipande PP, Pun BT, Herr DL, Maze M, Girard TD, Miller RR, Shintani AK, Thompson JL, Jackson JC, Deppen SA, Stiles RA, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW (2007) Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: the MENDS randomized controlled trial. JAMA 298:2644\u20132653","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"6490_CR86","first-page":"249","volume":"47","author":"JB Park","year":"2014","unstructured":"Park JB, Bang SH, Chee HK, Kim JS, Lee SA, Shin JK (2014) Efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine for postoperative delirium in adult cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 47:249\u2013254","journal-title":"Korean J Physiol Pharmacol Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"6490_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2018.09.006","volume":"37","author":"S Perbet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Perbet S, Verdonk F, Godet T, Jabaudon M, Chartier C, Cayot S, Guerin R, Morand D, Bazin JE, Futier E, Pereira B, Constantin JM (2018) Low doses of ketamine reduce delirium but not opiate consumption in mechanically ventilated and sedated ICU patients: a randomised double-blind control trial. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 37:589\u2013595","journal-title":"Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med"},{"key":"6490_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.12.046","volume":"261","author":"S Potharajaroen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Potharajaroen S, Tangwongchai S, Tayjasanant T, Thawitsri T, Anderson G, Maes M (2018) Bright light and oxygen therapies decrease delirium risk in critically ill surgical patients by targeting sleep and acid-base disturbances. Psychiatry Res 261:21\u201327","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"6490_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0703500509","volume":"35","author":"U Prakanrattana","year":"2007","unstructured":"Prakanrattana U, Prapaitrakool S (2007) Efficacy of risperidone for prevention of postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care 35:714\u2013719","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"6490_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.4103\/1658-354X.154715","volume":"9","author":"S Priye","year":"2015","unstructured":"Priye S, Jagannath S, Singh D, Shivaprakash S, Reddy DP (2015) Dexmedetomidine as an adjunct in postoperative analgesia following cardiac surgery: a randomized, double-blind study. Saudi J Anaesth 9:353\u2013358","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth"},{"key":"6490_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000356","volume":"32","author":"KL Rice","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rice KL, Bennett MJ, Berger L, Jennings B, Eckhardt L, Fabre-LaCoste N, Houghton D, Vidal G, Gropen T, Diggs E, Barry E, John J, Mathew S, Egger A, Ryan S, Egger R, Galarneau D, Gaines K, Ely EW (2017) A pilot randomized controlled trial of the feasibility of a multicomponent delirium prevention intervention versus usual care in acute stroke. J Cardiovasc Nurs 32:E1\u2013E10","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"6490_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12972","volume":"62","author":"TN Robinson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Robinson TN, Dunn CL, Adams JC, Hawkins CL, Tran ZV, Raeburn CD, Moss M (2014) Tryptophan supplementation and postoperative delirium\u2014a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 62:1764\u20131771","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"6490_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1510\/icvts.2009.217562","volume":"10","author":"AS Rubino","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rubino AS, Onorati F, Caroleo S, Galato E, Nucera S, Amantea B, Santini F, Renzulli A (2010) Impact of clonidine administration on delirium and related respiratory weaning after surgical correction of acute type-A aortic dissection: results of a pilot study. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 10:58\u201362","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"6490_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-008-1296-0","volume":"35","author":"E Ruokonen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ruokonen E, Parviainen I, Jakob SM, Nunes S, Kaukonen M, Shepherd ST, Sarapohja T, Bratty JR, Takala J (2009) Dexmedetomidine versus propofol\/midazolam for long-term sedation during mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 35(2):282\u2013290","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"6490_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31637-3","volume":"388","author":"SJ Schaller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schaller SJ, Anstey M, Blobner M, Edrich T, Grabitz SD, Gradwohl-Matis I, Heim M, Houle T, Kurth T, Latronico N, Lee J, Meyer MJ, Peponis T, Talmor D, Velmahos GC, Waak K, Walz JM, Zafonte R, Eikermann M, International Early S-gMRI (2016) Early, goal-directed mobilisation in the surgical intensive care unit: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 388:1377\u20131388","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6490_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60658-9","volume":"373","author":"WD Schweickert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schweickert WD, Pohlman MC, Pohlman AS, Nigos C, Pawlik AJ, Esbrook CL, Spears L, Miller M, Franczyk M, Deprizio D, Schmidt GA, Bowman A, Barr R, McCallister KE, Hall JB, Kress JP (2009) Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 373:1874\u20131882","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6490_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181b6a783","volume":"111","author":"Y Shehabi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shehabi Y, Grant P, Wolfenden H, Hammond N, Bass F, Campbell M, Chen J (2009) Prevalence of delirium with dexmedetomidine compared with morphine based therapy after cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial (DEXmedetomidine COmpared to Morphine-DEXCOM Study). Anesthesiology 111:1075\u20131084","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"6490_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31828a437d","volume":"41","author":"Y Shehabi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shehabi Y, Bellomo R, Reade MC, Bailey M, Bass F, Howe B, McArthur C, Murray L, Seppelt IM, Webb S, Weisbrodt L, Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation Study I, Australian, New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials G (2013) Early goal-directed sedation versus standard sedation in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a pilot study*. Crit Care Med 41:1983\u20131991","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"6490_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1904710","volume":"380","author":"Y Shehabi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shehabi Y, Howe BD, Bellomo R, Arabi YM, Bailey M, Bass FE, Bin Kadiman S, McArthur CJ, Murray L, Reade MC, Seppelt IM, Takala J, Wise MP, Webb SA, Group ACT, the SIIII (2019) Early sedation with dexmedetomidine in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 380:2506\u20132517","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6490_CR100","first-page":"1942","volume":"12","author":"AFY Shu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shu AFY, Luo Y, Cao J, Jian W, Sun B, Tang Z (2019) An investigation on delirium and hemodynamics in influenced by dexmedetomidine for sedating elderly patients in mechanical ventilation. Int J Clin Exp Med 12:1942\u20131946","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"6490_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)00025-4","volume":"4","author":"KS Simons","year":"2016","unstructured":"Simons KS, Laheij RJ, van den Boogaard M, Moviat MA, Paling AJ, Polderman FN, Rozendaal FW, Salet GA, van der Hoeven JG, Pickkers P, de Jager CP (2016) Dynamic light application therapy to reduce the incidence and duration of delirium in intensive-care patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 4:194\u2013202","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"6490_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Skrobik Y, Duprey MS, Hill NS, Devlin JW (2018) Low-dose nocturnal dexmedetomidine prevents ICU delirium: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 197(9):1147\u20131156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201710-1995OC","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201710-1995OC"},{"key":"6490_CR103","first-page":"836","volume":"27","author":"R Song","year":"2015","unstructured":"Song R, Li J, Dong C, Yang J (2015) A study of using dexmedetomidine in ventilator bundle treatment in an ICU. Chin Crit Care Med 27:836\u2013840","journal-title":"Chin Crit Care Med"},{"key":"6490_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-017-0224-x","volume":"4","author":"K Sosnowski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sosnowski K, Mitchell ML, White H, Morrison L, Sutton J, Sharratt J, Lin F (2018) A feasibility study of a randomised controlled trial to examine the impact of the ABCDE bundle on quality of life in ICU survivors. Pilot Feasibility Stud 4:32","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud"},{"key":"6490_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-2100-5","volume":"37","author":"C Spies","year":"2011","unstructured":"Spies C, MacGuill M, Heymann A, Ganea C, Krahne D, Assman A, Kosiek HR, Scholtz K, Wernecke KD, Martin J (2011) A prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study comparing remifentanil with fentanyl in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med 37:469\u2013476","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"6490_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62072-9","volume":"375","author":"T Strom","year":"2010","unstructured":"Strom T, Martinussen T, Toft P (2010) A protocol of no sedation for critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a randomised trial. Lancet 375:475\u2013480","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6490_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1097\/ANA.0000000000000410","volume":"29","author":"X Su","year":"2017","unstructured":"Su X, Meng ZT, Wu XH (2017) Dexmedetomidine for prevention of delirium in elderly patients after noncardiac surgery: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 29:178\u2013179","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Anesthesiol"},{"key":"6490_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.12552.1","volume":"6","author":"AT Susheela","year":"2017","unstructured":"Susheela AT, Packiasabapathy S, Gasangwa DV, Patxot M, O\u2019Neal J, Marcantonio E, Subramaniam B (2017) The use of dexmedetomidine and intravenous acetaminophen for the prevention of postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery patients over 60 years of age: a pilot study. F1000Res 6:1842","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"6490_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2007.04.004","volume":"23","author":"T Taguchi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Taguchi T, Yano M, Kido Y (2007) Influence of bright light therapy on postoperative patients: a pilot study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 23:289\u2013297","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"6490_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2017.12.019","volume":"225","author":"SC Takieddine","year":"2018","unstructured":"Takieddine SC, Droege CA, Ernst N, Droege ME, Webb M, Branson RD, Gerlach TW, Robinson BRH, Johannigman JA, Mueller EW (2018) Ketamine versus hydromorphone patient-controlled analgesia for acute pain in trauma patients. J Surg Res 225:6\u201314","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"6490_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R73","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11330","volume":"16","author":"B Van Rompaey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Van Rompaey B, Elseviers MM, Van DW, Fromont V, Jorens PG (2012) The effect of earplugs during the night on the onset of delirium and sleep perception: a randomized controlled trial in intensive care patients. Crit Care 16(3):R73","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"6490_CR112","first-page":"543","volume":"23","author":"LJ Wan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wan LJ, Huang QQ, Yue JX, Lin L, Li SH (2011) Comparison of sedative effect of dexmedetomidine and midazolam for post-operative patients undergoing mechanical ventilation in surgical intensive care unit. Zhongguo Weizhongbing Jijiuyixue 23:543\u2013546","journal-title":"Zhongguo Weizhongbing Jijiuyixue"},{"key":"6490_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182376e4f","volume":"40","author":"W Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang W, Li HL, Wang DX, Zhu X, Li SL, Yao GQ, Chen KS, Gu XE, Zhu SN (2012) Haloperidol prophylaxis decreases delirium incidence in elderly patients after noncardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial*. Crit Care Med 40:731\u2013739","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"6490_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lewis K, Piticaru J, Chaudhuri D, Basmaji J, Fan E, Moller MH, Devlin JW, Alhazzani W (2021) Safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine in acutely ill adults requiring noninvasive ventilation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Chest 159(6):2274\u20132288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2020.12.052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.12.052"},{"key":"6490_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0202620","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202620","volume":"13","author":"G Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang G, Niu J, Li Z, Lv H, Cai H (2018) The efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine in cardiac surgery patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 13:e0202620","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6490_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000361","volume":"121","author":"C Alexopoulou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alexopoulou C, Kondili E, Diamantaki E, Psarologakis C, Kokkini S, Bolaki M, Georgopoulos D (2014) Effects of dexmedetomidine on sleep quality in critically ill patients: a pilot study. Anesthesiology 121:801\u2013807","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"6490_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200003000-00035","volume":"90","author":"JE Hall","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hall JE, Uhrich TD, Barney JA, Arain SR, Ebert TJ (2000) Sedative, amnestic, and analgesic properties of small-dose dexmedetomidine infusions. Anesth Analg 90:699\u2013705","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"6490_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-1859","volume":"171","author":"ES Oh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oh ES, Needham DM, Nikooie R, Wilson LM, Zhang A, Robinson KA, Neufeld KJ (2019) Antipsychotics for preventing delirium in hospitalized adults: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 171:474\u2013484","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Intensive Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00134-021-06490-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00134-021-06490-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00134-021-06490-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T09:41:29Z","timestamp":1744191689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00134-021-06490-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["6490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-021-06490-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0342-4642","1432-1238"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0342-4642","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1238","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All the authors declare no support from any organization for the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous 3 years; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. BH has previously provided methodologic advice to Eversana Inc for the conduct of systemic reviews and meta-analysis on unrelated topics.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}