{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T13:01:48Z","timestamp":1792242108030,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["847782 (HAP2 project)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["847782 (HAP2 project)."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intensive Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-025-07884-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T09:50:02Z","timestamp":1745315402000},"page":"692-707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Identification and validation of robust hospital-acquired pneumonia subphenotypes associated with all-cause mortality: a multi-cohort derivation and validation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Florian Pierre","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Poulain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelle Haitsma","family":"Mulier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Motos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Gourain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isma\u00ebl","family":"Ogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Montassier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoann","family":"Launey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigismond","family":"Lasocki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rapha\u00ebl","family":"Cinotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Dahyot Fizelier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otavio","family":"Ranzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Felipe","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Martin-Loeches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lennie","family":"Derde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoni","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Cremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1029-6242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine","family":"Roquilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"7884_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2012.06.016","volume":"65","author":"J-D Ricard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ricard J-D, Conti G, Boucherie M et al (2012) A European survey of nosocomial infection control and hospital-acquired pneumonia prevention practices. J Infection 65:285\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2012.06.016","journal-title":"J Infection"},{"key":"7884_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0291","volume":"315","author":"G Bellani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bellani G, Laffey JG, Pham T et al (2016) Epidemiology, patterns of care, and mortality for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care units in 50 countries. JAMA 315:788\u2013800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.0291","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"7884_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-023-07210-9","volume":"49","author":"I Martin-Loeches","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martin-Loeches I, Reyes LF, Nseir S et al (2023) European Network for ICU-Related Respiratory Infections (ENIRRIs): a multinational, prospective, cohort study of nosocomial LRTI. Intensive Care Med 49:1212\u20131222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-023-07210-9","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"7884_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-023-07065-0","volume":"49","author":"A Roquilly","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roquilly A, Francois B, Huet O et al (2023) Interferon gamma-1b for the prevention of hospital-acquired pneumonia in critically ill patients: a phase 2, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 49:530\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-023-07065-0","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"7884_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1755-5","volume":"21","author":"E Weiss","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weiss E, Essaied W, Adrie C et al (2017) Treatment of severe hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review of inclusion and judgment criteria used in randomized controlled trials. Crit Care 21:162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-017-1755-5","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"7884_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-017-4802-4","volume":"43","author":"J-F Timsit","year":"2017","unstructured":"Timsit J-F, de Kraker MEA, Sommer H et al (2017) Appropriate endpoints for evaluation of new antibiotic therapies for severe infections: a perspective from COMBACTE\u2019s STAT-Net. Intensive Care Med 43:1002\u20131012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-017-4802-4","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"7884_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(13)70081-1","volume":"13","author":"WG Melsen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Melsen WG, Rovers MM, Groenwold RH et al (2013) Attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised prevention studies. Lancet Infect Dis 13:665\u2013671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1473-3099(13)70081-1","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"7884_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03484-x","volume":"25","author":"Q He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He Q, Wang W, Zhu S et al (2021) The epidemiology and clinical outcomes of ventilator-associated events among 20,769 mechanically ventilated patients at intensive care units: an observational study. Crit Care 25:44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-021-03484-x","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"7884_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.06.016","volume":"51","author":"KK Giuliano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Giuliano KK, Baker D, Thakkar-Samtani M et al (2023) Incidence, mortality, and cost trends in nonventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia in medicaid beneficiaries, 2015\u20132019. Am J Infect Control 51:227\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.06.016","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"7884_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700582","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00582-2017","volume":"50","author":"A Torres","year":"2017","unstructured":"Torres A, Niederman MS, Chastre J et al (2017) International ERS\/ESICM\/ESCMID\/ALAT guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Eur Respir J 50:1700582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00582-2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"7884_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1601","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1441","volume":"73","author":"A Roquilly","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roquilly A, Chanques G, Lasocki S et al (2020) Implementation of French recommendations for the prevention and the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia: a cluster-randomized trial. Clin Infect Dis 73:e1601\u2013e1610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1441","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"7884_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2024.101353","volume":"43","author":"C Poulain","year":"2024","unstructured":"Poulain C, Launey Y, Bouras M et al (2024) Clinical evaluation of the BioFire respiratory pathogen panel for the guidance of empirical antimicrobial therapy in critically ill patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter, quality improvement project. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 43:101353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.accpm.2024.101353","journal-title":"Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med"},{"key":"7884_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkad094","volume":"78","author":"C Lagarde","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lagarde C, Bouras M, Floch RL et al (2023) A multifaceted strategy to optimize pharmacokinetics of antimicrobial therapy in patients with hospital-acquired infections\u2014a monocentre quality improvement project. J Antimicrob Chemother 78:1378\u20131385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkad094","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"7884_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06292-z","volume":"46","author":"C-E Luyt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luyt C-E, Bouadma L, Morris AC et al (2020) Pulmonary infections complicating ARDS. Intens Care Med 46:2168\u20132183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-020-06292-z","journal-title":"Intens Care Med"},{"key":"7884_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(17)30747-8","volume":"18","author":"A Torres","year":"2018","unstructured":"Torres A, Zhong N, Pachl J et al (2018) Ceftazidime-avibactam versus meropenem in nosocomial pneumonia, including ventilator-associated pneumonia (REPROVE): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis 18:285\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1473-3099(17)30747-8","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"7884_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(23)00418-6","author":"Y Mo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mo Y, Booraphun S, Li AY et al (2024) Individualised, short-course antibiotic treatment versus usual long-course treatment for ventilator-associated pneumonia (REGARD-VAP): a multicentre, individually randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Respir Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2213-2600(23)00418-6","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"7884_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01314-2015","volume":"47","author":"A Roquilly","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roquilly A, Feuillet F, Seguin P et al (2016) Empiric antimicrobial therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia after brain injury. Eur Respir J 47:1219\u20131228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01314-2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"7884_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202110-2324oc","volume":"206","author":"T Chaumette","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chaumette T, Cinotti R, Moll\u00e9 A et al (2022) Monocyte signature associated with herpes simplex virus reactivation and neurological recovery after brain injury. Am J Resp Crit Care 206:295\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202110-2324oc","journal-title":"Am J Resp Crit Care Med"},{"key":"7884_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06574-0","volume":"48","author":"H Peters-Sengers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peters-Sengers H, Butler JM, Uhel F et al (2021) Source-specific host response and outcomes in critically ill patients with sepsis: a prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med 48:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-021-06574-0","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"7884_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e710","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab032","volume":"73","author":"RG Wunderink","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wunderink RG, Roquilly A, Croce M et al (2020) A phase 3, randomized, double-blind study comparing tedizolid phosphate and linezolid for treatment of ventilated gram-positive hospital-acquired or ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 73:e710\u2013e718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab032","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"7884_CR21","first-page":"343","volume":"86","author":"JD Dziura","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dziura JD, Post LA, Zhao Q et al (2013) Strategies for dealing with missing data in clinical trials: from design to analysis. Yale J Biol Med 86:343\u2013358","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"7884_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119013563","author":"RJA Little","year":"2023","unstructured":"Little RJA, Rubin DB (2023) Statistical analysis with missing data. Wiley Ser Probab Stat. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119013563","journal-title":"Wiley Ser Probab Stat"},{"key":"7884_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr597","volume":"28","author":"DJ Stekhoven","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stekhoven DJ, B\u00fchlmann P (2011) MissForest\u2014non-parametric missing value imputation for mixed-type data. Bioinformatics 28:112\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr597","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"7884_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v025.i01","author":"S L\u00ea","year":"2008","unstructured":"L\u00ea S, Josse J, Husson F (2008) FactoMineR: an R package for multivariate analysis. J Stat Softw. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v025.i01","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"7884_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4299","volume":"14","author":"N Altman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Altman N, Krzywinski M (2017) Clustering. Nat Methods 14:545\u2013546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmeth.4299","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"7884_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v061.i06","author":"M Charrad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Charrad M, Ghazzali N, Boiteau V, Niknafs A (2014) NbClust: an R package for determining the relevant number of clusters in a data set. J Stat Softw. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v061.i06","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"7884_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02617-9","volume":"29","author":"E Montassier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Montassier E, Kitsios GD, Radder JE et al (2023) Robust airway microbiome signatures in acute respiratory failure and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Nat Med 29:2793\u20132804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-023-02617-9","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"7884_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i11","author":"MB Kursa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kursa MB, Rudnicki WR (2010) Feature selection with the Boruta Package. J Stat Softw. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v036.i11","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"7884_CR29","unstructured":"Boehmke BMG and BC (2020). The R Journal. 1:343\u2013366"},{"key":"7884_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-078378","volume":"385","author":"GS Collins","year":"2024","unstructured":"Collins GS, Moons KGM, Dhiman P et al (2024) TRIPOD+AI statement: updated guidance for reporting clinical prediction models that use regression or machine learning methods. BMJ 385:e078378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2023-078378","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"7884_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-209158","volume":"72","author":"T Zakharkina","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zakharkina T, Martin-Loeches I, Matamoros S et al (2017) The dynamics of the pulmonary microbiome during mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit and the association with occurrence of pneumonia. Thorax 72:803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-209158","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"7884_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201912-2441oc","volume":"202","author":"GD Kitsios","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kitsios GD, Yang H, Yang L et al (2020) Respiratory tract dysbiosis is associated with worse outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients. Am J Resp Crit Care 202:1666\u20131677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201912-2441oc","journal-title":"Am J Resp Crit Care"},{"key":"7884_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12903","volume":"297","author":"P Kumari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumari P, Russo AJ, Shivcharan S, Rathinam VA (2020) AIM2 in health and disease: inflammasome and beyond. Immunol Rev 297:83\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imr.12903","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"7884_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07265-8","volume":"628","author":"A Gautam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gautam A, Boyd DF, Nikhar S et al (2024) Necroptosis blockade prevents lung injury in severe influenza. Nature 628:835\u2013843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-07265-8","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"7884_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06726-w","volume":"48","author":"A Torres","year":"2022","unstructured":"Torres A, Motos A, Cill\u00f3niz C et al (2022) Major candidate variables to guide personalised treatment with steroids in critically ill patients with COVID-19: CIBERESUCICOVID study. Intensive Care Med 48:850\u2013864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-022-06726-w","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"7884_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-024-07593-3","volume":"50","author":"N Bruse","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bruse N, Motos A, van Amstel R et al (2024) Clinical phenotyping uncovers heterogeneous associations between corticosteroid treatment and survival in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Intensive Care Med 50:1884\u20131896. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-024-07593-3","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"7884_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-023-07239-w","volume":"49","author":"RBE van Amstel","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Amstel RBE, Kennedy JN, Scicluna BP et al (2023) Uncovering heterogeneity in sepsis: a comparative analysis of subphenotypes. Intensive Care Med 49:1360\u20131369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-023-07239-w","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"7884_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-023-07244-z","author":"S Redaelli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Redaelli S, von Wedel D, Fosset M et al (2023) Inflammatory subphenotypes in patients at risk of ARDS: evidence from the LIPS-A trial. Intensive Care Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-023-07244-z","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"7884_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000003305","volume":"46","author":"H Sommer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sommer H, Timsit J-F, von Cube M et al (2018) The impact of early adequate treatment on extubation and discharge alive of patients with pseudomonas aeruginosa-related ventilator-associated pneumonia*. Crit Care Med 46:1643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ccm.0000000000003305","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"7884_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2024.10.021","author":"D Calabretta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Calabretta D, Cilloniz C, Gabarrus A et al (2024) Impact of empirical treatment recommendations from 2017 European guidelines for nosocomial pneumonia. Chest. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2024.10.021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"7884_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(19)30140-7","volume":"7","author":"A Roquilly","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roquilly A, Torres A, Villadangos JA et al (2019) Pathophysiological role of respiratory dysbiosis in hospital-acquired pneumonia. Lancet Respir Med 7:710\u2013720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2213-2600(19)30140-7","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"7884_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/mcc.0000000000000469","volume":"24","author":"K Akrami","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akrami K, Sweeney DA (2018) The microbiome of the critically ill patient. Curr Opin Crit Care 24:49\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mcc.0000000000000469","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"7884_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155302","volume":"137","author":"H Sat\u0131\u015f","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sat\u0131\u015f H, \u00d6zger HS, Y\u0131ld\u0131z PA et al (2021) Prognostic value of interleukin-18 and its association with other inflammatory markers and disease severity in COVID-19. Cytokine 137:155302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155302","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"7884_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2977-2","volume":"589","author":"A Gola","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gola A, Dorrington MG, Speranza E et al (2021) Commensal-driven immune zonation of the liver promotes host defence. Nature 589:131\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2977-2","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"7884_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25172","volume":"553","author":"W Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhu W, Winter MG, Byndloss MX et al (2018) Precision editing of the gut microbiota ameliorates colitis. Nature 553:208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature25172","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"7884_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201105-0867oc","volume":"184","author":"M Bekaert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bekaert M, Timsit J-F, Vansteelandt S et al (2012) Attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Resp Crit Care 184:1133\u20131139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201105-0867oc","journal-title":"Am J Resp Crit Care"}],"container-title":["Intensive Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00134-025-07884-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00134-025-07884-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00134-025-07884-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T09:44:51Z","timestamp":1746524691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00134-025-07884-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["7884"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-025-07884-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0342-4642","1432-1238"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0342-4642","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1238","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Dr. Roquilly reports having participated in the VITAL study, receiving grants from MSD, and consulting fees from MSD. Other authors have no conflict of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}