{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T02:32:26Z","timestamp":1791599546787,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intensive Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-025-08012-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T06:04:43Z","timestamp":1752645883000},"page":"1240-1255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Clinical heterogeneity and phenotyping of post cardiac arrest brain injury: one size may not fit all"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4487-301X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mypinder S.","family":"Sekhon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio Silvio","family":"Taccone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus B.","family":"Skrifvars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald E.","family":"Griesdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Elmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lionel","family":"Velly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Robba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"23","key":"8012_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190652","volume":"118","author":"RW Neumar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Neumar RW, Nolan JP, Adrie C et al (2008) Post-cardiac arrest syndrome: epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognostication. A consensus statement from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (American Heart Association, Australian and New Zealand Council on Resuscitation, European Resuscitation Council, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, InterAmerican Heart Foundation, Resuscitation Council of Asia, and the Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa); the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 118(23):2452\u20132483","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"8012_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1670-9","volume":"21","author":"MS Sekhon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sekhon MS, Ainslie PN, Griesdale DE (2017) Clinical pathophysiology of hypoxic ischemic brain injury after cardiac arrest: a \u201ctwo-hit\u201d model. Crit Care 21(1):90","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"8012_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06548-2","volume":"47","author":"C Sandroni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sandroni C, Cronberg T, Sekhon M (2021) Brain injury after cardiac arrest: pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis. Intensive Care Med 47(12):1393\u20131414","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"26","key":"8012_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa023053","volume":"348","author":"TJ Bunch","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bunch TJ, White RD, Gersh BJ et al (2003) Long-term outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest after successful early defibrillation. N Engl J Med 348(26):2626\u20132633","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"105","key":"8012_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2016.06.004","volume":"105","author":"J-T Gr\u00e4sner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gr\u00e4sner J-T, Lefering R, Koster RW et al (2016) EuReCa ONE\u201427 Nations, ONE Europe, ONE Registry A prospective one month analysis of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes in 27 countries in Europe on behalf of EuReCa ONE Collaborators 1. Resuscitation 105(105):188\u2013195","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"8012_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2018.01.049","volume":"125","author":"B Grunau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grunau B, Kawano T, Dick W et al (2018) Trends in care processes and survival following prehospital resuscitation improvement initiatives for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in British Columbia, 2006\u20132016. Resuscitation 125:118\u2013125","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"7","key":"8012_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2012.11.021","volume":"84","author":"KP Wilder Schaaf","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wilder Schaaf KP, Artman LK, Peberdy MA et al (2013) Anxiety, depression, and PTSD following cardiac arrest: a systematic review of the literature. Resuscitation 84(7):873\u2013877","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"6","key":"8012_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2014.02.008","volume":"85","author":"M Wilson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wilson M, Staniforth A, Till R, das Nair R, Vesey P (2014) The psychosocial outcomes of anoxic brain injury following cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 85(6):795\u2013800","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"5","key":"8012_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2213546","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.13546","volume":"5","author":"N Secher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Secher N, Adelborg K, Szentk\u00fati P et al (2022) Evaluation of neurologic and psychiatric outcomes after hospital discharge among adult survivors of cardiac arrest. JAMA Netw Open 5(5):e2213546\u2013e2213546","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"8012_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.117.005689","volume":"11","author":"AA Damluji","year":"2018","unstructured":"Damluji AA, Al-Damluji MS, Pomenti S et al (2018) Health care costs after cardiac arrest in the United States. Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol 11(4):e005689","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol"},{"key":"8012_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2020.04.032","volume":"153","author":"G Geri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Geri G, Scales DC, Koh M et al (2020) Healthcare costs and resource utilization associated with treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 153:234\u2013242","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"8012_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2018.06.028","volume":"131","author":"I Efendijev","year":"2018","unstructured":"Efendijev I, Folger D, Raj R et al (2018) Outcomes and healthcare-associated costs one year after intensive care-treated cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 131:128\u2013134","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"8012_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2017.10.010","volume":"121","author":"A Sakhuja","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sakhuja A, Sztajnkrycer M, Vallabhajosyula S, Cheungpasitporn W, Patch R, Jentzer J (2017) National trends and outcomes of cardiac arrest in opioid overdose. Resuscitation 121:84\u201389","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"8012_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resplu.2023.100504","volume":"16","author":"RW Neumar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Neumar RW (2023) Wolf Creek XVII part 1: the future of cardiac arrest resuscitation. Resusc Plus 16:100504","journal-title":"Resusc Plus"},{"issue":"4","key":"8012_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3810\/hp.2010.11.339","volume":"38","author":"DF Gaieski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gaieski DF, Goyal M (2010) History and current trends in sudden cardiac arrest and resuscitation in adults. Hosp Pract (1995) 38(4):44\u201353","journal-title":"Hosp Pract (1995)"},{"key":"8012_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2018.07.023","volume":"131","author":"DM Zive","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zive DM, Schmicker R, Daya M et al (2018) Survival and variability over time from out of hospital cardiac arrest across large geographically diverse communities participating in the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium. Resuscitation 131:74\u201382","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"3","key":"8012_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200805-722OC","volume":"179","author":"J Phua","year":"2009","unstructured":"Phua J, Badia JR, Adhikari NKJ et al (2009) Has mortality from acute respiratory distress syndrome decreased over time?: A systematic review. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 179(3):220\u2013227","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"8012_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04176-w","volume":"26","author":"C Lorencio C\u00e1rdenas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lorencio C\u00e1rdenas C, Y\u00e9benes JC, Vela E et al (2022) Trends in mortality in septic patients according to the different organ failure during 15 years. Crit Care 26(1):1\u201312","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"16","key":"8012_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2208687","volume":"387","author":"J Kjaergaard","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kjaergaard J, M\u00f8ller JE, Schmidt H et al (2022) Blood-pressure targets in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 387(16):1456\u20131466","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"8012_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1310519","volume":"369","author":"N Nielsen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nielsen N, Wetterslev J, Cronberg T et al (2013) Targeted temperature management at 33\u00b0C versus 36\u00b0C after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 369(23):2197\u20132206","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"8012_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2100591","volume":"384","author":"J Dankiewicz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dankiewicz J, Cronberg T, Lilja G et al (2021) Hypothermia versus normothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 384(24):2283\u20132294","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"8012_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2214552","volume":"389","author":"G Eastwood","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eastwood G, Nichol AD, Hodgson C et al (2023) Mild hypercapnia or normocapnia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 389(1):45\u201357","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"8012_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1832-9","volume":"21","author":"MS Sekhon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sekhon MS, Griesdale DE (2017) Individualized perfusion targets in hypoxic ischemic brain injury after cardiac arrest. Crit Care 21(1):259","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"8012_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01843-x","volume":"28","author":"DM Maslove","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maslove DM, Tang B, Shankar-Hari M et al (2022) Redefining critical illness. Nat Med 28(6):1141\u20131148","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"8012_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2016.08.024","volume":"108","author":"A Granfeldt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Granfeldt A, Wissenberg M, Hansen SM et al (2016) Clinical predictors of shockable versus non-shockable rhythms in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 108:40\u201347","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"8012_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2020.11.022","volume":"158","author":"N Stankovic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stankovic N, H\u00f8ybye M, Holmberg MJ, Lauridsen KG, Andersen LW, Granfeldt A (2021) Factors associated with shockable versus non-shockable rhythms in patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 158:166\u2013174","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"24","key":"8012_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1906661","volume":"381","author":"JB Lascarrou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lascarrou JB, Merdji H, Le Gouge A et al (2019) Targeted temperature management for cardiac arrest with nonshockable rhythm. N Engl J Med 381(24):2327\u20132337","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"8012_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2018.05.033","volume":"129","author":"JC Orban","year":"2018","unstructured":"Orban JC, Truc M, Kerever S et al (2018) Comparison of presumed cardiac and respiratory causes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 129:24\u201328","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"8012_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7621","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58468-y","volume":"14","author":"Y Han","year":"2024","unstructured":"Han Y, Hu H, Shao Y, Deng Z, Liu D (2024) The link between initial cardiac rhythm and survival outcomes in in-hospital cardiac arrest using propensity score matching, adjustment, and weighting. Sci Rep 14(1):7621","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"8012_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15157","volume":"88","author":"TE Eroglu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eroglu TE, Barcella CA, Blom MT et al (2022) Opioid use is associated with increased out-of-hospital cardiac arrest risk among 40 000-cases across two countries. Br J Clin Pharmacol 88(5):2256\u20132266","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"11","key":"8012_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2341921","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.41921","volume":"6","author":"V Yogeswaran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yogeswaran V, Drucker C, Kume K et al (2023) Presentation and outcomes of adults with overdose-related out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA Netw Open 6(11):e2341921","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"14","key":"8012_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E469","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.231339","volume":"196","author":"S Ledlie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ledlie S, Juurlink DN, Tadrous M, Mamdani M, Paterson JM, Gomes T (2024) Opioid-related deaths between 2019 and 2021 across 9 Canadian provinces and territories. C Can Med Assoc J 196(14):E469\u2013E476","journal-title":"C Can Med Assoc J"},{"issue":"4","key":"8012_CR33","first-page":"343","volume":"167","author":"PG Brindley","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brindley PG, Markland DM, Mayers I, Kutsogiannis DJ (2002) Predictors of survival following in-hospital adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Can Med Assoc J 167(4):343","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"8012_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2020.11.016","volume":"158","author":"M H\u00f8ybye","year":"2021","unstructured":"H\u00f8ybye M, Stankovic N, Holmberg M, Christensen HC, Granfeldt A, Andersen LW (2021) In-hospital vs. out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: patient characteristics and survival. Resuscitation 158:157\u2013165","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"14","key":"8012_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31828b2770","volume":"127","author":"LJ Morrison","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morrison LJ, Neumar RW, Zimmerman JL et al (2013) Strategies for improving survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest in the United States: 2013 consensus recommendations: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 127(14):1538\u20131563","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"8012_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2016.04.001","volume":"34","author":"R Pana","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pana R, Hornby L, Shemie SD, Dhanani S, Teitelbaum J (2016) Time to loss of brain function and activity during circulatory arrest. J Crit Care 34:77\u201383","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"8012_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-021-01233-0","volume":"35","author":"AL Matory","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matory AL, Alkhachroum A, Chiu WT et al (2021) Electrocerebral signature of cardiac death. Neurocrit Care 35(3):853\u2013861","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"8012_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3120","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.17146","volume":"22","author":"TE Gofton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gofton TE, Norton L, Laforge G et al (2022) Cerebral cortical activity after withdrawal of life-sustaining measures in critically ill patients. Am J Transplant 22(12):3120\u20133129","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"2","key":"8012_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2006.01.002","volume":"70","author":"MB Skrifvars","year":"2006","unstructured":"Skrifvars MB, Nurmi J, Ikola K, Saarinen K, Castr\u00e9n M (2006) Reduced survival following resuscitation in patients with documented clinically abnormal observations prior to in-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 70(2):215\u2013222","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"4","key":"8012_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2008.03.027","volume":"27","author":"MB Skrifvars","year":"2009","unstructured":"Skrifvars MB, Boyd J, Kuisma M (2009) Prearrest signs of shock and respiratory insufficiency in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests witnessed by crew of the emergency medical service. Am J Emerg Med 27(4):440\u2013448","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"8012_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E508","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003070","volume":"46","author":"T Uray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uray T, Lamade A, Elmer J et al (2018) Phenotyping cardiac arrest: bench and bedside characterization of brain and heart injury based on etiology. Crit Care Med 46(6):E508\u2013E515","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"8012_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5731","DOI":"10.1113\/JP284588","volume":"602","author":"MS Sekhon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sekhon MS, Stukas S, Hirsch-Reinshagen V et al (2024) Neuroinflammation and the immune system in hypoxic ischaemic brain injury pathophysiology after cardiac arrest. J Physiol 602(21):5731\u20135744","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"19","key":"8012_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.053318","volume":"143","author":"MAS Meyer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meyer MAS, Wiberg S, Grand J et al (2021) Treatment effects of interleukin-6 receptor antibodies for modulating the systemic inflammatory response after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (the IMICA trial): a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, single-center, randomized, clinical trial. Circulation 143(19):1841\u20131851","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"12","key":"8012_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-023-07247-w","volume":"49","author":"LER Obling","year":"2023","unstructured":"Obling LER, Beske RP, Meyer MAS et al (2023) Prehospital high-dose methylprednisolone in resuscitated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients (STEROHCA): a randomized clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 49(12):1467\u20131478","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"8012_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-023-07165-x","volume":"49","author":"RL Hoiland","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hoiland RL, Robba C, Menon DK, Citerio G, Sandroni C, Sekhon MS (2023) Clinical targeting of the cerebral oxygen cascade to improve brain oxygenation in patients with hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury after cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med 49(9):1062\u20131078","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"8012_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2019.04.012","volume":"139","author":"M Haglund","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haglund M, Lindberg E, Englund E (2019) Hippocampus and basal ganglia as potential sentinel sites for ischemic pathology after resuscitated cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 139:230\u2013233","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"5","key":"8012_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096585","volume":"9","author":"CD Brisson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brisson CD, Hsieh YT, Kim D, Jin AY, Andrew RD (2014) Brainstem neurons survive the identical ischemic stress that kills higher neurons: insight to the persistent vegetative state. PLoS ONE 9(5):e96585","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"8012_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa003289","volume":"346","author":"SA Bernard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD et al (2002) Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med 346(8):557\u2013563","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"8012_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2015.08.023","volume":"97","author":"TD Bhate","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhate TD, McDonald B, Sekhon MS, Griesdale DEG (2015) Association between blood pressure and outcomes in patients after cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation 97:1\u20136","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"6","key":"8012_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000127777.16609.08","volume":"32","author":"DK Menon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Menon DK, Coles JP, Gupta AK et al (2004) Diffusion limited oxygen delivery following head injury. Crit Care Med 32(6):1384\u20131390","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"8012_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004138","volume":"48","author":"MS Sekhon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sekhon MS, Ainslie PN, Menon DK et al (2020) Brain hypoxia secondary to diffusion limitation in hypoxic ischemic brain injury post-cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 48(3):378\u2013384","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"8012_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/2110-5820-1-45","volume":"1","author":"N Mongardon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mongardon N, Dumas F, Ricome S et al (2011) Postcardiac arrest syndrome: from immediate resuscitation to long-term outcome. Ann Intensive Care 1(1):45","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"8012_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.304495","volume":"116","author":"KD Patil","year":"2015","unstructured":"Patil KD, Halperin HR, Becker LB (2015) Cardiac arrest: resuscitation and reperfusion. Circ Res 116(12):2041\u20132049","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"8012_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31828a39e9","volume":"41","author":"BW Roberts","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roberts BW, Kilgannon JH, Chansky ME et al (2013) Multiple organ dysfunction after return of spontaneous circulation in postcardiac arrest syndrome. Crit Care Med 41(6):1492\u20131501","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"8012_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11230","volume":"16","author":"B Foreman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Foreman B, Claassen J (2012) Quantitative EEG for the detection of brain ischemia. Crit Care 16(2):216","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"23","key":"8012_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2153","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006615","volume":"91","author":"S Beretta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beretta S, Coppo A, Bianchi E et al (2018) Neurologic outcome of postanoxic refractory status epilepticus after aggressive treatment. Neurology 91(23):E2153\u2013E2162","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"8012_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11368-5","volume":"270","author":"P De Stefano","year":"2023","unstructured":"De Stefano P, Kaplan PW, Quintard H, Seeck M, Sutter R (2023) Nonconvulsive status epilepticus following cardiac arrest: overlooked, untreated and misjudged. J Neurol 270(1):130\u2013138","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8012_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4621","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08628-9","volume":"12","author":"M Tacke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tacke M, Janson K, Vill K et al (2022) Effects of a reduction of the number of electrodes in the EEG montage on the number of identified seizure patterns. Sci Rep 12(1):4621","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"8012_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.1645","volume":"80","author":"J Tveit","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tveit J, Aurlien H, Plis S et al (2023) Automated interpretation of clinical electroencephalograms using artificial intelligence. JAMA Neurol 80(8):805\u2013812","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"8012_CR60","first-page":"366","volume":"39","author":"CB Fordyce","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fordyce CB, Kramer AH, Ainsworth C et al (2023) Neuroprognostication in the post cardiac arrest patient: a canadian cardiovascular society position statement. Can J Cardiol 39(4):366\u2013380","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"8012_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.80.7_supplement.S07.00","author":"A Popescu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Popescu A, Amorim E, Baldwin M, Callaway C, Rittenberger J (2013) Malignant EEG patterns are common in cardiac arrest survivors treated with therapeutic hypothermia and a standardized antiepileptic algorithm (S07.003). Neurology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.80.7_supplement.S07.00","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"8012_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10010041","volume":"10","author":"AC Br\u00f8chner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Br\u00f8chner AC, Lindholm P, Jensen MJ et al (2022) Post-hypoxic myoclonus status following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest\u2014does it still predict a poor outcome? A retrospective study. Healthcare 10(1):41","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"issue":"8","key":"8012_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2115998","volume":"386","author":"BJ Ruijter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruijter BJ, Keijzer HM, Tjepkema-Cloostermans MC et al (2022) Treating rhythmic and periodic EEG patterns in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 386(8):724\u2013734","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"8012_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2024.110319","author":"S Turella","year":"2024","unstructured":"Turella S, Dankiewicz J, Ben-Hamouda N et al (2024) EEG for good outcome prediction after cardiac arrest: a multicentre cohort study. Resuscitation. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2024.110319","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"8","key":"8012_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012689","volume":"346","author":"Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study Group","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study Group (2002) Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 346(8):549\u2013556","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"8012_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2020.02.036","volume":"150","author":"B Haskins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haskins B, Smith K, Cameron P et al (2020) The impact of bystander relation and medical training on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes. Resuscitation 150:72\u201379","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"8","key":"8012_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2023.100607","volume":"2","author":"PS Chan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chan PS, Merritt R, McNally B et al (2023) Bystander CPR and long-term survival in older adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JACC Adv 2(8):100607","journal-title":"JACC Adv"},{"key":"8012_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz120","volume":"40","author":"K Ameloot","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ameloot K, De Deyne C, Eertmans W et al (2019) Early goal-directed haemodynamic optimization of cerebral oxygenation in comatose survivors after cardiac arrest: the Neuroprotect post-cardiac arrest trial. Eur Heart J 40:1804\u20131814","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"12","key":"8012_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5453-9","volume":"44","author":"P Jakkula","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jakkula P, Reinikainen M, H\u00e4stbacka J et al (2018) Targeting two different levels of both arterial carbon dioxide and arterial oxygen after cardiac arrest and resuscitation: a randomised pilot trial. Intensive Care Med 44(12):2112\u20132121","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"8012_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2023.109862","volume":"189","author":"V Niemel\u00e4","year":"2023","unstructured":"Niemel\u00e4 V, Siddiqui F, Ameloot K et al (2023) Higher versus lower blood pressure targets after cardiac arrest: systematic review with individual patient data meta-analysis. Resuscitation 189:109862","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"7","key":"8012_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.06.043","volume":"76","author":"K Ameloot","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ameloot K, Jakkula P, H\u00e4stbacka J et al (2020) Optimum blood pressure in patients with shock after acute myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol 76(7):812\u2013824","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"8012_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.20.2.164","volume":"20","author":"JM Kendall","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kendall JM (2003) Designing a research project: randomised controlled trials and their principles. Emerg Med J 20(2):164\u2013168","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"6","key":"8012_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.116.002916","volume":"9","author":"SS Sinha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sinha SS, Sukul D, Lazarus JJ et al (2016) Identifying important gaps in randomized controlled trials of adult cardiac arrest treatments: a systematic review of the published literature. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 9(6):749\u2013756","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"8012_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2022.01.026","volume":"173","author":"S Nutma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nutma S, Tjepkema-Cloostermans MC, Ruijter BJ et al (2022) Effects of targeted temperature management at 33 \u00b0C vs. 36 \u00b0C on comatose patients after cardiac arrest stratified by the severity of encephalopathy. Resuscitation 173:147\u2013153","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"8","key":"8012_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E741","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005025","volume":"49","author":"M Nishikimi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nishikimi M, Ogura T, Nishida K et al (2021) Outcome related to level of targeted temperature management in postcardiac arrest syndrome of low, moderate, and high severities: a nationwide multicenter prospective registry. Crit Care Med 49(8):E741\u2013E750","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"8012_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e208215","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.8215","volume":"3","author":"CW Callaway","year":"2020","unstructured":"Callaway CW, Coppler PJ, Faro J et al (2020) Association of initial illness severity and outcomes after cardiac arrest with targeted temperature management at 36 \u00b0C or 33 \u00b0C. JAMA Netw Open 3(7):e208215\u2013e208215","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"8012_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-022-01464-9","volume":"37","author":"J Elmer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elmer J, He Z, May T et al (2022) Precision care in cardiac arrest: ICECAP (PRECICECAP) study protocol and informatics approach. Neurocrit Care 37(2):237\u2013247","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"8012_CR78","first-page":"954","volume":"80","author":"AM Dell'Anna","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dell\u2019Anna AM, Taccone FS, Halenarova K, Citerio G (2014) Sedation after cardiac arrest and during therapeutic hypothermia. Minerva Anthesiol 80(8):954\u2013962","journal-title":"Minerva Anthesiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8012_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-022-01564-6","volume":"38","author":"A Ceric","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ceric A, May TL, Lybeck A et al (2023) Cardiac arrest treatment center differences in sedation and analgesia dosing during targeted temperature management. Neurocrit Care 38(1):16\u201325","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"8012_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2019.05.036","volume":"141","author":"MS Sekhon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sekhon MS, Griesdale DE, Ainslie PN et al (2019) Intracranial pressure and compliance in hypoxic ischemic brain injury patients after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 141:96\u2013103","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"8012_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2021.05.003","volume":"164","author":"RL Hoiland","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hoiland RL, Griesdale DE, Sekhon MS (2021) Invasive neuromonitoring post-cardiac arrest: Key considerations. Resuscitation 164:144\u2013146","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"2","key":"8012_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-022-01483-6","volume":"37","author":"S Mainali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mainali S, Cardim D, Sarwal A et al (2022) Prolonged automated robotic TCD monitoring in acute severe TBI: study design and rationale. Neurocrit Care 37(2):267\u2013275","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"8012_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2013.07.026","volume":"84","author":"A Ahn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ahn A, Nasir A, Malik H, D\u2019Orazi F, Parnia S (2013) A pilot study examining the role of regional cerebral oxygen saturation monitoring as a marker of return of spontaneous circulation in shockable (VF\/VT) and non-shockable (PEA\/Asystole) causes of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84(12):1713\u20131716","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"8012_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2020.03.016","volume":"152","author":"RL Hoiland","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoiland RL, Sekhon MS, Cardim D et al (2020) Lack of agreement between optimal mean arterial pressure determination using pressure reactivity index versus cerebral oximetry index in hypoxic ischemic brain injury after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 152:184\u2013191","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"7","key":"8012_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003745","volume":"47","author":"MS Sekhon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sekhon MS, Gooderham P, Menon DK et al (2019) The burden of brain hypoxia and optimal mean arterial pressure in patients with hypoxic ischemic brain injury after cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 47(7):960\u2013969","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"8012_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.5598","volume":"79","author":"RL Hoiland","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hoiland RL, Rikhraj KJK, Thiara S et al (2022) Neurologic prognostication after cardiac arrest using brain biomarkers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol 79(4):390\u2013398","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"8012_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319157","volume":"129","author":"RL Hoiland","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hoiland RL, Ainslie PN, Wellington CL et al (2021) Brain hypoxia is associated with neuroglial injury in humans post-cardiac arrest. Circ Res 129(5):583\u2013597","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"8012_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30282-0","volume":"18","author":"JK Yue","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yue JK, Yuh EL, Korley FK et al (2019) Association between plasma GFAP concentrations and MRI abnormalities in patients with CT-negative traumatic brain injury in the TRACK-TBI cohort: a prospective multicentre study. Lancet Neurol 18(10):953\u2013961","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"8012_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32899-5","author":"Y Kawai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kawai Y, Kogeichi Y, Yamamoto K, Miyazaki K, Asai H, Fukushima H (2023) Explainable artificial intelligence-based prediction of poor neurological outcome from head computed tomography in the immediate post-resuscitation phase. Sci Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-32899-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"8012_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-071166","volume":"13","author":"S Alcock","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alcock S, Singh S, Wiens EJ et al (2023) CT perfusion for Assessment of poor Neurological outcome in Comatose Cardiac Arrest Patients (CANCCAP): protocol for a prospective study. BMJ Open 13(6):e071166","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"8012_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2022.05.002","volume":"176","author":"R Beekman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beekman R, Crawford A, Mazurek MH et al (2022) Bedside monitoring of hypoxic ischemic brain injury using low-field, portable brain magnetic resonance imaging after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 176:150\u2013158","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"9","key":"8012_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00488-y","volume":"22","author":"SG Daniele","year":"2021","unstructured":"Daniele SG, Trummer G, Hossmann KA et al (2021) Brain vulnerability and viability after ischaemia. Nat Rev Neurosci 22(9):553\u2013572","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"C","key":"8012_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2015.01.020","volume":"89","author":"PJ Coppler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Coppler PJ, Elmer J, Calderon L et al (2015) Validation of the Pittsburgh Cardiac Arrest Category illness severity score. Resuscitation 89(C):86\u201392","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"12","key":"8012_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.2050","volume":"172","author":"PS Chan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chan PS, Spertus JA, Krumholz HM et al (2012) A validated prediction tool for initial survivors of in-hospital cardiac arrest. Arch Intern Med 172(12):947","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"8012_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.024214","volume":"50","author":"R Von Kummer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Von Kummer R (2019) Time is brain: fact or fiction. Stroke 50(3):552\u2013553","journal-title":"Stroke"}],"container-title":["Intensive Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00134-025-08012-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00134-025-08012-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00134-025-08012-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T11:41:08Z","timestamp":1757245268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00134-025-08012-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["8012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-025-08012-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0342-4642","1432-1238"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0342-4642","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1238","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration"}},{"value":"CR is Deputy Editor for Intensive Care Medicine. She has not taken part in the review or selection process of this article. All other authors have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}