{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T01:26:32Z","timestamp":1792891592199,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intensive Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-026-08489-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T05:51:18Z","timestamp":1781589078000},"page":"1679-1696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Current knowledge and challenges of sepsis-associated encephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5338-2538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manu","family":"Shankar-Hari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2544-0291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Benghanem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0779-8591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena","family":"Bourhy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1423-5209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colm","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7866-9781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Ehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9833-4871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy D.","family":"Girard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9001-4884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teneille E.","family":"Gofton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9071-3415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bertrand","family":"Hermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3129-1168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoeb","family":"Jiwaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8473-7779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurelien","family":"Mazeraud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7042-7462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ed","family":"Needham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7881-9866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regis G.","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1042-6350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mervyn","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0804-8378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arjen J. C.","family":"Slooter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0245-309X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romain","family":"Sonneville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5984-7837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert D.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0830-1628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio Silvio","family":"Taccone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2276-0951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarek","family":"Sharshar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"8489_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1017\/s031716710005335x","volume":"30","author":"JX Wilson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wilson JX, Young GB (2003) Progress in clinical neurosciences: sepsis-associated encephalopathy: evolving concepts. Can J Neurol Sci 30:98\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s031716710005335x","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"8489_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530300054040","volume":"275","author":"LA Eidelman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Eidelman LA, Putterman D, Putterman C, Sprung CL (1996) The spectrum of septic encephalopathy: definitions, etiologies, and mortalities. JAMA 275:470\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1996.03530300054040","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"8489_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30062-6","volume":"6","author":"TD Girard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Girard TD, Thompson JL, Pandharipande PP et al (2018) Clinical phenotypes of delirium during critical illness and severity of subsequent long-term cognitive impairment: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 6:213\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30062-6","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"8489_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-016-0205-x","volume":"6","author":"T Dittrich","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dittrich T, Tschudin-Sutter S, Widmer AF et al (2016) Risk factors for new-onset delirium in patients with bloodstream infections: independent and quantitative effect of catheters and drainages-a four-year cohort study. Ann Intensive Care 6:104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13613-016-0205-x","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"8489_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-024-00773-9","volume":"13","author":"M Thy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Thy M, Sonneville R, Ruckly S et al (2025) Early systemic insults following severe sepsis-associated encephalopathy of critically ill patients: association with mortality and awakening\u2014an analysis of the OUTCOMEREA database. J Intensive Care 13:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40560-024-00773-9","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"key":"8489_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.834649","author":"L Bourhy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bourhy L, Mazeraud A, Bozza FA et al (2022) Neuro-inflammatory response and brain-peripheral crosstalk in sepsis and stroke. Front Immunol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.834649","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"8489_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042617-053158","volume":"36","author":"VA Pavlov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pavlov VA, Chavan SS, Tracey KJ (2018) Molecular and functional neuroscience in immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 36:783\u2013812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042617-053158","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"8489_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2297","volume":"9","author":"R Dantzer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dantzer R, O\u2019Connor JC, Freund GG et al (2008) From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 9:46\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn2297","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"8489_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.183","volume":"8","author":"TE Gofton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gofton TE, Young GB (2012) Sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Nat Rev Neurol 8:557\u2013566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.183","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"8489_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-021-00869-7","author":"M Carrara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carrara M, Ferrario M, Bollen Pinto B, Herpain A (2021) The autonomic nervous system in septic shock and its role as a future therapeutic target: a narrative review. Ann Intensive Care. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13613-021-00869-7","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"8489_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-1701-3","author":"C Ren","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ren C, Yao R, Zhang H et al (2020) Sepsis-associated encephalopathy: a vicious cycle of immunosuppression. J Neuroinflamm. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-020-1701-3","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"8489_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00757-x","volume":"18","author":"I Galea","year":"2021","unstructured":"Galea I (2021) The blood\u2013brain barrier in systemic infection and inflammation. Cell Mol Immunol 18:2489\u20132501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41423-021-00757-x","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"8489_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-0322-2","volume":"21","author":"L Kaplan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaplan L, Chow BW, Gu C (2020) Neuronal regulation of the blood\u2013brain barrier and neurovascular coupling. Nat Rev Neurosci 21:416\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41583-020-0322-2","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"8489_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107554","volume":"213","author":"E Gil-Martins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gil-Martins E, Barbosa DJ, Silva V et al (2020) Dysfunction of ABC transporters at the blood-brain barrier: role in neurological disorders. Pharmacol Ther 213:107554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107554","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"8489_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.2147\/dddt.s491300","volume":"19","author":"M Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang M, Zhou L, Long G et al (2025) Intranasal insulin diminishes postoperative delirium and elevated osteocalcin and brain derived neurotrophic factor in older patients undergoing joint replacement: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Drug Des Dev Ther 19:759\u2013769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/dddt.s491300","journal-title":"Drug Des Dev Ther"},{"key":"8489_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12502","volume":"45","author":"T Zrzavy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zrzavy T, H\u00f6ftberger R, Berger T et al (2018) Pro-inflammatory activation of microglia in the brain of patients with sepsis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 45:278\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nan.12502","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"8489_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq7806","author":"H-Y Chung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chung H-Y, Wickel J, Hahn N et al (2023) Microglia mediate neurocognitive deficits by eliminating C1q-tagged synapses in sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Sci Adv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abq7806","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"8489_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3905","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00955-5","volume":"26","author":"MC Kodali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kodali MC, Chen H, Liao F-F (2020) Temporal unsnarling of brain\u2019s acute neuroinflammatory transcriptional profiles reveals panendothelitis as the earliest event preceding microgliosis. Mol Psychiatry 26:3905\u20133919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-020-00955-5","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"8489_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2024.110285","volume":"267","author":"P Denver","year":"2025","unstructured":"Denver P, Cunningham C (2025) Microglial activation and neuroinflammation in acute and chronic cognitive deficits in sepsis. Neuropharmacology 267:110285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2024.110285","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"8489_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00643-7","volume":"22","author":"T Manabe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Manabe T, Heneka MT (2022) Cerebral dysfunctions caused by sepsis during ageing. Nat Rev Immunol 22:444\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-021-00643-7","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"8489_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1997.77.3.731","volume":"77","author":"DF Rolfe","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rolfe DF, Brown GC (1997) Cellular energy utilization and molecular origin of standard metabolic rate in mammals. Physiol Rev 77:731\u2013758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.1997.77.3.731","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"8489_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.12.022","volume":"25","author":"P Puchalska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Puchalska P, Crawford PA (2017) Multi-dimensional roles of ketone bodies in fuel metabolism, signaling, and therapeutics. Cell Metab 25:262\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.12.022","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"8489_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-05069-w","author":"D Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu D, Sheeja Prabhakaran H, Zhang Y-Y et al (2024) Mitochondrial dysfunction in sepsis: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Crit Care. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-024-05069-w","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"8489_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-021-00893-7","author":"S Preau","year":"2021","unstructured":"Preau S, Vodovar D, Jung B et al (2021) Energetic dysfunction in sepsis: a narrative review. Ann Intensive Care. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13613-021-00893-7","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"8489_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/shk.0b013e31828fade1","volume":"39","author":"FA Bozza","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bozza FA, D\u2019Avila JC, Ritter C et al (2013) Bioenergetics, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of septic encephalopathy. Shock 39:10\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/shk.0b013e31828fade1","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"8489_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0b013e3181760c4b","volume":"36","author":"JCP da d\u2019Avila","year":"2008","unstructured":"da d\u2019Avila JCP, Santiago APSA, Am\u00e2ncio RT et al (2008) Sepsis induces brain mitochondrial dysfunction. Crit Care Med 36:1925\u20131932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ccm.0b013e3181760c4b","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"8489_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.100.6.1703","volume":"100","author":"RF Raper","year":"1991","unstructured":"Raper RF, Sibbald WJ, Hobson J, Rutledge FS (1991) Effect of PGE1 on altered distribution of regional blood flows in hyperdynamic sepsis. Chest 100:1703\u20131711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.100.6.1703","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"8489_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2373\/s0375-9393.24.17978-3","author":"IA Crippa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Crippa IA, Salvagno M, Calabr\u00f2 L, Taccone FS (2024) Brain hemodynamics in septic patients. Miner Anestesiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2373\/s0375-9393.24.17978-3","journal-title":"Miner Anestesiol"},{"key":"8489_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(91)90175-j","volume":"9","author":"T Maekawa","year":"1991","unstructured":"Maekawa T, Fujii Y, Sadamitsu D et al (1991) Cerebral circulation and metabolism in patients with septic encephalopathy. Am J Emerg Med 9:139\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0735-6757(91)90175-j","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"8489_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6891","author":"D Pfister","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pfister D, Siegemund M, Dell-Kuster S et al (2008) Cerebral perfusion in sepsis-associated delirium. Crit Care. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/cc6891","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"8489_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2258-8","author":"IA Crippa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Crippa IA, Subir\u00e0 C, Vincent J-L et al (2018) Impaired cerebral autoregulation is associated with brain dysfunction in patients with sepsis. Crit Care. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-018-2258-8","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"8489_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340101005","volume":"27","author":"C Terborg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Terborg C, Schummer W, Albrecht M et al (2001) Dysfunction of vasomotor reactivity in severe sepsis and septic shock. Intensive Care Med 27:1231\u20131234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s001340101005","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"8489_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9205","author":"FS Taccone","year":"2010","unstructured":"Taccone FS, Su F, Pierrakos C et al (2010) Cerebral microcirculation is impaired during sepsis: an experimental study. Crit Care. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/cc9205","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"8489_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e114","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0b013e3182a641b8","volume":"42","author":"FS Taccone","year":"2014","unstructured":"Taccone FS, Su F, De Deyne C et al (2014) sepsis is associated with altered cerebral microcirculation and tissue hypoxia in experimental peritonitis*. Crit Care Med 42:e114\u2013e122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ccm.0b013e3182a641b8","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"8489_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-023-01783-5","volume":"40","author":"IA Crippa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Crippa IA, Vincent J-L, Zama Cavicchi F et al (2024) Estimated cerebral perfusion pressure and intracranial pressure in septic patients. Neurocrit Care 40:577\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-023-01783-5","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"8489_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab475","volume":"145","author":"L Bourhy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bourhy L, Mazeraud A, Costa LHA et al (2022) Silencing of amygdala circuits during sepsis prevents the development of anxiety-related behaviours. Brain 145:1391\u20131409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awab475","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"8489_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.02.003","volume":"69","author":"M Santello","year":"2011","unstructured":"Santello M, Bezzi P, Volterra A (2011) TNF\u03b1 controls glutamatergic gliotransmission in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Neuron 69:988\u20131001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.02.003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"8489_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70166","author":"X Lv","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lv X, Jia M, Feng X et al (2024) Driving synaptic phagocytosis of hippocampal microglia\/macrophages contributes to cognitive impairment in sepsis-associated encephalopathy in mice. CNS Neurosci Ther. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cns.70166","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"8489_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.887212","author":"P-P Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang P-P, Peng S-S, Pankratova S et al (2022) Proteins involved in synaptic plasticity are downregulated in the cerebrospinal fluid of infants with clinical sepsis complicated by neuroinflammation. Front Cell Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2022.887212","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"8489_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04260-1","author":"CG Hughes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hughes CG, Boncyk CS, Fedeles B et al (2022) Association between cholinesterase activity and critical illness brain dysfunction. Crit Care. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-022-04260-1","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"8489_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1573-6","volume":"35","author":"PP Pandharipande","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pandharipande PP, Morandi A, Adams JR et al (2009) Plasma tryptophan and tyrosine levels are independent risk factors for delirium in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 35:1886\u20131892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-009-1573-6","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"8489_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61855-7","volume":"376","author":"MM van Eijk","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Eijk MM, Roes KC, Honing ML et al (2010) Effect of rivastigmine as an adjunct to usual care with haloperidol on duration of delirium and mortality in critically ill patients: a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial. Lancet 376:1829\u20131837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61855-7","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"8489_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2718-9","volume":"24","author":"S Benghanem","year":"2020","unstructured":"Benghanem S, Mazeraud A, Azabou E et al (2020) Brainstem dysfunction in critically ill patients. Crit Care 24:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-019-2718-9","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"8489_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(03)14899-4","volume":"362","author":"T Sharshar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sharshar T, Gray F, de la Grandmaison GL et al (2003) Apoptosis of neurons in cardiovascular autonomic centres triggered by inducible nitric oxide synthase after death from septic shock. Lancet 362:1799\u20131805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(03)14899-4","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"8489_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(20)30308-2","volume":"19","author":"J Matschke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Matschke J, L\u00fctgehetmann M, Hagel C et al (2020) Neuropathology of patients with COVID-19 in Germany: a post-mortem case series. Lancet Neurol 19:919\u2013929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(20)30308-2","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"8489_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0b013e31821b843b","volume":"39","author":"T Sharshar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sharshar T, Porcher R, Siami S et al (2011) Brainstem responses can predict death and delirium in sedated patients in intensive care unit*. Crit Care Med 39:1960\u20131967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ccm.0b013e31821b843b","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"8489_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005491","volume":"50","author":"S Benghanem","year":"2022","unstructured":"Benghanem S, Cariou A, Diehl J-L et al (2022) Early clinical and electrophysiological brain dysfunction is associated with ICU outcomes in COVID-19 critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective bicentric observational study. Crit Care Med 50:1103\u20131115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005491","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"8489_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-025-07945-7","volume":"51","author":"E Bouchereau","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bouchereau E, Pruvost-Robieux E, Siami S et al (2025) Altered lower brainstem neurophysiological response is associated with mortality in deeply sedated critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 51:1050\u20131061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-025-07945-7","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"8489_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.07.010","volume":"113","author":"E Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim E, Carreira Figueiredo I, Simmons C et al (2023) Mapping acute neuroinflammation in vivo with diffusion-MRI in rats given a systemic lipopolysaccharide challenge. Brain Behav Immun 113:289\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.07.010","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"8489_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.01.013","volume":"62","author":"AL Marsland","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marsland AL, Kuan DC-H, Sheu LK et al (2017) Systemic inflammation and resting state connectivity of the default mode network. Brain Behav Immun 62:162\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.01.013","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"8489_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1648278","author":"L Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu L, Li P, Wilkerson BA et al (2025) Single-nucleus transcriptomics reveals sepsis-related neurovascular dysfunction in the human hippocampus. Front Immunol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1648278","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"8489_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201304-0691oc","volume":"188","author":"A Gonz\u00e1lez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-L\u00f3pez A, L\u00f3pez-Alonso I, Aguirre A et al (2013) Mechanical ventilation triggers hippocampal apoptosis by vagal and dopaminergic pathways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 188:693\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201304-0691oc","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"8489_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14013","volume":"29","author":"C Ge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ge C, Chen W, Zhang L et al (2022) Hippocampus-prefrontal cortex inputs modulate spatial learning and memory in a mouse model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation puncture. CNS Neurosci Ther 29:390\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cns.14013","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"8489_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-02658-9","author":"TJ Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim TJ, Kim J-M, Lee JS et al (2025) Predicting outcomes in patients with sepsis-associated encephalopathy using prefrontal functional connectivity analysis. Sci Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-02658-9","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"8489_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-302883","volume":"84","author":"A Semmler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Semmler A, Widmann CN, Okulla T et al (2013) Persistent cognitive impairment, hippocampal atrophy and EEG changes in sepsis survivors. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 84:62\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2012-302883","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"8489_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.215","volume":"30","author":"FA Bozza","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bozza FA, Garteiser P, Oliveira MF et al (2009) Sepsis-associated encephalopathy: a magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 30:440\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.215","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"8489_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R204","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12899","volume":"17","author":"A Polito","year":"2013","unstructured":"Polito A, Eischwald F, Maho A-LL et al (2013) Pattern of brain injury in the acute setting of human septic shock. Crit Care 17:R204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/cc12899","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"8489_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04655-8","author":"R Sonneville","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sonneville R, Benghanem S, Jeantin L et al (2023) The spectrum of sepsis-associated encephalopathy: a clinical perspective. Crit Care. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-023-04655-8","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"8489_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2016.01.013","volume":"37","author":"A Mazeraud","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mazeraud A, Pascal Q, Verdonk F et al (2016) Neuroanatomy and physiology of brain dysfunction in sepsis. Clin Chest Med 37:333\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccm.2016.01.013","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"8489_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2024922","volume":"384","author":"CG Hughes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hughes CG, Mailloux PT, Devlin JW et al (2021) Dexmedetomidine or propofol for sedation in mechanically ventilated adults with sepsis. N Engl J Med 384:1424\u20131436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa2024922","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"8489_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-025-05372-0","author":"R Sonneville","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sonneville R (2025) Hallucinations in critically ill patients: understanding the unreal. Crit Care. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-025-05372-0","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"8489_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139969","volume":"10","author":"E Azabou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Azabou E, Magalhaes E, Braconnier A et al (2015) Early standard electroencephalogram abnormalities predict mortality in septic intensive care unit patients. PLoS ONE 10:e0139969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0139969","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"8489_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-014-0674-y","volume":"18","author":"K Hosokawa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hosokawa K, Gaspard N, Su F et al (2014) Clinical neurophysiological assessment of sepsis-associated brain dysfunction: a systematic review. Crit Care 18:674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-014-0674-y","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"8489_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04475-w","volume":"27","author":"L Ferlini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferlini L, Maenhout C, Crippa IA et al (2023) The association between the presence and burden of periodic discharges and outcome in septic patients: an observational prospective study. Crit Care 27:179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-023-04475-w","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"8489_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-3709-1","volume":"41","author":"EJ Gilmore","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gilmore EJ, Gaspard N, Choi HA et al (2015) Acute brain failure in severe sepsis: a prospective study in the medical intensive care unit utilizing continuous EEG monitoring. Intensive Care Med 41:686\u2013694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-015-3709-1","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"8489_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-019-00759-8","volume":"32","author":"G Orhun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Orhun G, T\u00fcz\u00fcn E, Bilgi\u00e7 B et al (2019) Brain volume changes in patients with acute brain dysfunction due to sepsis. Neurocrit Care 32:459\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-019-00759-8","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"8489_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2021.12.001","volume":"128","author":"AE Becker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Becker AE, Teixeira SR, Lunig NA et al (2022) Sepsis-related brain MRI abnormalities are associated with mortality and poor neurological outcome in pediatric sepsis. Pediatr Neurol 128:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2021.12.001","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"8489_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1238149","author":"S Sch\u00fctze","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sch\u00fctze S, Drevets DA, Tauber SC, Nau R (2023) Septic encephalopathy in the elderly \u2013 biomarkers of potential clinical utility. Front Cell Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2023.1238149","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"8489_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-025-02784-5","author":"J Hu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hu J, Li W, Xie S et al (2025) Unveiling neurogenic biomarkers for the differentiation between sepsis patients with or without encephalopathy: an updated meta-analysis. Syst Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-025-02784-5","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"8489_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e436","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000004266","volume":"48","author":"J Ehler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ehler J, Petzold A, Sharshar T et al (2020) Biomarker panel to differentiate brain injury from brain dysfunction in patients with sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Crit Care Med 48:e436\u2013e437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ccm.0000000000004266","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"8489_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03160-4","author":"LS Machado","year":"2025","unstructured":"Machado LS, Vidor P, Perquim L et al (2025) Association between FDG- and TSPO-PET signals across human and animal studies investigating neurodegenerative conditions: a systematic review. Mol Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-025-03160-4","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"8489_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04497-4","author":"B Bircak-Kuchtova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bircak-Kuchtova B, Chung H-Y, Wickel J et al (2023) Neurofilament light chains to assess sepsis-associated encephalopathy: are we on the track toward clinical implementation? Crit Care. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-023-04497-4","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"8489_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211184","volume":"14","author":"J Ehler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ehler J, Petzold A, Wittstock M et al (2019) The prognostic value of neurofilament levels in patients with sepsis-associated encephalopathy\u2014a prospective, pilot observational study. PLoS ONE 14:e0211184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0211184","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"8489_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00862-1","volume":"17","author":"A Mazeraud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mazeraud A, Righy C, Bouchereau E et al (2020) Septic-associated encephalopathy: a comprehensive review. Neurotherapeutics 17:392\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-020-00862-1","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"8489_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000006096","volume":"52","author":"TH Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan TH, Premraj L, Roberts J et al (2023) In-hospital neurologic complications, neuromonitoring, and long-term neurologic outcomes in patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 52:452\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ccm.0000000000006096","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"8489_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-024-01335-w","author":"I Jesus Pereira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jesus Pereira I, Santos M, Sganzerla D et al (2024) Long term cognitive dysfunction among critical care survivors: associated factors and quality of life\u2014a multicenter cohort study. Ann Intensive Care. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13613-024-01335-w","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"8489_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1301372","volume":"369","author":"PP Pandharipande","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Jackson JC et al (2013) Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. N Engl J Med 369:1306\u20131316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1301372","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"8489_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000004538","volume":"89","author":"ME Reznik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reznik ME, Merkler AE, Mahta A et al (2017) Long-term risk of seizures in adult survivors of sepsis. Neurology 89:1476\u20131482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0000000000004538","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"8489_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.101066","author":"C Fleischmann-Struzek","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fleischmann-Struzek C, Born S, Kesselmeier M et al (2024) Functional dependence following intensive care unit-treated sepsis: three-year follow-up results from the prospective Mid-German Sepsis Cohort (MSC). Lancet Reg Health Europe. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.101066","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Europe"},{"key":"8489_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2489-3","author":"C Righy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Righy C, Rosa RG, da Silva RTA et al (2019) Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in adult critical care survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-019-2489-3","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"8489_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003482","volume":"47","author":"BT Pun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pun BT, Balas MC, Barnes-Daly MA et al (2019) Caring for critically ill patients with the ABCDEF bundle: results of the ICU Liberation Collaborative in over 15,000 adults. Crit Care Med 47:3\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003482","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"8489_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-022-01052-2","author":"T Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang T, Mei Q, Dai S et al (2022) Use of dexmedetomidine in patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Ann Intensive Care. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13613-022-01052-2","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"8489_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e884","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000006608","volume":"53","author":"A Dargent","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dargent A, Bourredjem A, Jacquier M et al (2025) Dexmedetomidine to reduce vasopressor resistance in refractory septic shock: \u03b12 Agonist Dexmedetomidine for REfractory Septic Shock (ADRESS): a double-blind randomized controlled pilot trial. Crit Care Med 53:e884\u2013e896. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ccm.0000000000006608","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"8489_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04621-4","volume":"27","author":"NC Andersen-Ranberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andersen-Ranberg NC, Barbateskovic M, Perner A, et al (2023) Haloperidol for the treatment of delirium in critically ill patients: an updated systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Crit Care 27:329\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-023-04621-4","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"8489_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e092165","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-092165","volume":"14","author":"J van der A","year":"2024","unstructured":"van der A J, Lodema Y, Ottens TH et al (2024) DELirium treatment with Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (DELTES): study protocol for a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled trial. BMJ Open 14:e092165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-092165","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"8489_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-02241-5","volume":"58","author":"LHA da Costa","year":"2021","unstructured":"da Costa LHA, Santos-Junior NN, Catal\u00e3o CHR, Rocha MJA (2021) Microglial activation modulates neuroendocrine secretion during experimental sepsis. Mol Neurobiol 58:2133\u20132144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-020-02241-5","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"8489_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2022.01.021","volume":"273","author":"G Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang G, Cao Y, Wang P et al (2022) Minocycline pretreatment prevents blood\u2013brain barrier disruption in septic rats. J Surg Res 273:247\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jss.2022.01.021","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"8489_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14606","volume":"24","author":"M Michels","year":"2020","unstructured":"Michels M, Abatti MR, \u00c1vila P et al (2020) Characterization and modulation of microglial phenotypes in an animal model of severe sepsis. J Cell Mol Med 24:88\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcmm.14606","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"8489_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-023-08764-z","volume":"25","author":"F Qiu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qiu F, Liu Y, Liu Y et al (2023) CD137L inhibition ameliorates hippocampal neuroinflammation and behavioral deficits in a mouse model of sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Neuromol Med 25:616\u2013631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12017-023-08764-z","journal-title":"Neuromol Med"},{"key":"8489_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03356-z","volume":"22","author":"R Christ","year":"2025","unstructured":"Christ R, Siemes D, Zhao S et al (2025) Inhibition of tumour necrosis factor alpha by Etanercept attenuates Shiga toxin-induced brain pathology. J Neuroinflamm 22:33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03356-z","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"8489_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11738","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62505-1","volume":"14","author":"T Alkhateeb","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alkhateeb T, Stollings JL, Sohn I et al (2024) Tocilizumab is associated with reduced delirium and coma in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Sci Rep 14:11738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-62505-1","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"8489_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e290","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004219","volume":"48","author":"AYO Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silva AYO, Amorim \u00c9A, Barbosa-Silva MC et al (2020) Mesenchymal stromal cells protect the blood-brain barrier, reduce astrogliosis, and prevent cognitive and behavioral alterations in surviving septic mice. Crit Care Med 48:e290\u2013e298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004219","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"8489_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202100074R","volume":"35","author":"W Cui","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cui W, Chen J, Yu F et al (2021) GYY4137 protected the integrity of the blood\u2013brain barrier via activation of the Nrf2\/ARE pathway in mice with sepsis. FASEB J 35:e21710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.202100074R","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"8489_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106585","volume":"85","author":"Y Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu Y, Feng J, Lian N et al (2020) Hydrogen gas alleviates blood\u2013brain barrier impairment and cognitive dysfunction of septic mice in an Nrf2-dependent pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 85:106585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106585","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"8489_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-023-00795-3","volume":"24","author":"Y Bai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bai Y, Mi W, Meng X et al (2023) Hydrogen alleviated cognitive impairment and blood\u2013brain barrier damage in sepsis-associated encephalopathy by regulating ABC efflux transporters in a PPAR\u03b1-dependent manner. BMC Neurosci 24:37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12868-023-00795-3","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"8489_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1342-y","volume":"15","author":"Y Tang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tang Y, Soroush F, Sun S et al (2018) Protein kinase C-delta inhibition protects blood\u2013brain barrier from sepsis-induced vascular damage. J Neuroinflamm 15:309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-018-1342-y","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"8489_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-020-01011-4","volume":"34","author":"L-B Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu L-B, Huang H-D, Zhao M et al (2021) Intranasal insulin treatment attenuates metabolic distress and early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice. Neurocrit Care 34:154\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-020-01011-4","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"8489_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2019.170175","volume":"123","author":"KU Simon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Simon KU, Neto EW, Tramontin NDS et al (2020) Intranasal insulin treatment modulates the neurotropic, inflammatory, and oxidant mechanisms in the cortex and hippocampus in a low-grade inflammation model. Peptides 123:170175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peptides.2019.170175","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"8489_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1808217","volume":"379","author":"TD Girard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Girard TD, Exline MC, Carson SS et al (2018) Haloperidol and ziprasidone for treatment of delirium in critical illness. N Engl J Med 379:2506\u20132516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa1808217","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"8489_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2211868","volume":"387","author":"NC Andersen-Ranberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andersen-Ranberg NC, Poulsen LM, Perner A et al (2022) Haloperidol for the treatment of delirium in ICU patients. N Engl J Med 387:2425\u20132435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2211868","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"8489_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40934","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c06250","volume":"8","author":"X Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng X, Li W, Xiang Q et al (2023) Memantine attenuates cognitive and emotional dysfunction in mice with sepsis-associated encephalopathy. ACS Omega 8:40934\u201340943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.3c06250","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"8489_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14655","author":"C Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang C, Tian F, Peng J et al (2024) Serotonergic neurotransmission mediated cognitive dysfunction in two mouse models of sepsis-associated encephalopathy. CNS Neurosci Ther. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cns.14655","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"8489_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146780","volume":"1737","author":"F Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li F, Zhang B, Duan S et al (2020) Small dose of L-dopa\/Benserazide hydrochloride improved sepsis-induced neuroinflammation and long-term cognitive dysfunction in sepsis mice. Brain Res 1737:146780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146780","journal-title":"Brain Res"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-026-08547-7","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000}}],"container-title":["Intensive Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00134-026-08489-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00134-026-08489-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00134-026-08489-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T10:34:39Z","timestamp":1785753279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00134-026-08489-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["8489"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-026-08489-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0342-4642","1432-1238"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0342-4642","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1238","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-026-08547-7","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-026-08547-7","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests, no financial relationships with commercial entities related to this work, and no conflict of interest to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}