{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T14:13:40Z","timestamp":1789049620437,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"aphp","award":["FHU 2024 INDIRA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FHU 2024 INDIRA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intensive Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-026-08554-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T08:24:30Z","timestamp":1784103870000},"page":"1985-1988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ten reasons why acute respiratory failure is different in the immunocompromised host"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8162-1508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elie","family":"Azoulay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andry","family":"Van De Louw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno L.","family":"Ferreyro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"8554_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103300","volume":"85","author":"I Martin-Loeches","year":"2025","unstructured":"Martin-Loeches I, David S, P\u00e8ne F et al (2025) Advocating for the recognition of underlying immunosuppression in critical illness. EClinicalMedicine 85:103300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103300","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"8554_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30345-X","volume":"7","author":"E Azoulay","year":"2019","unstructured":"Azoulay E, Mokart D, Kouatchet A et al (2019) Acute respiratory failure in immunocompromised adults. Lancet Respir Med 7:173\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30345-X","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"8554_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023021414","volume":"143","author":"E Azoulay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Azoulay E, Maertens J, Lemiale V (2024) How I manage acute respiratory failure in patients with hematological malignancies. Blood 143:971\u2013982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2023021414","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"8554_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70097-9","volume":"2","author":"CS Calfee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Calfee CS, Delucchi K, Parsons PE et al (2014) Subphenotypes in acute respiratory distress syndrome: latent class analysis of data from two randomised controlled trials. Lancet Respir Med 2:611\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70097-9","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"8554_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2415","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000006774","volume":"53","author":"L Ronner","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ronner L, Giannini HM, Miano TA et al (2025) Parsimonious subphenotyping algorithms perform differently in patients with sepsis and hematologic malignancy. Crit Care Med 53:e2415\u2013e2428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000006774","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"8554_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-017-4947-1","author":"E Azoulay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Azoulay E, Pickkers P, Soares M et al (2017) Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in immunocompromised patients: the Efraim multinational prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-017-4947-1","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"8554_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02442-2018","author":"P Bauer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bauer P, Chevret S, Yadav H et al (2019) Diagnosis and outcome of acute respiratory failure in immunocompromised patients after bronchoscopy. Eur Respir J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.02442-2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"8554_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202009-3575OC","volume":"204","author":"G Dumas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dumas G, Lemiale V, Rathi N et al (2021) Survival in immunocompromised patients ultimately requiring invasive mechanical ventilation: a pooled individual patient data analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 204:187\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202009-3575OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"8554_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5209-6","volume":"44","author":"E Azoulay","year":"2018","unstructured":"Azoulay E, Lemiale V, Mourvillier B et al (2018) Management and outcomes of acute respiratory distress syndrome patients with and without comorbid conditions. Intensive Care Med 44:1050\u20131060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-018-5209-6","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"8554_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(26)00046-9","author":"E Azoulay","year":"2026","unstructured":"Azoulay E, McEvoy C, Castro P et al (2026) Epidemiology, ventilation, and outcomes of acute respiratory failure in immunocompromised patients from 103 intensive care units in 26 countries: a retrospective observational study. Lancet Respir Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(26)00046-9","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"8554_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06635-y","volume":"48","author":"M Kochanek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kochanek M, Kochanek J, B\u00f6ll B et al (2022) Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vv-ECMO) for severe respiratory failure in adult cancer patients: a retrospective multicenter analysis. Intensive Care Med 48:332\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-022-06635-y","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"8554_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201708-1761OC","volume":"197","author":"M Schmidt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schmidt M, Schellongowski P, Patroniti N et al (2018) Six-month outcome of immunocompromised patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome rescued by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. An international multicenter retrospective study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 197:1297\u20131307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201708-1761OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"8554_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-025-08113-7","volume":"51","author":"P Schellongowski","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schellongowski P, Darmon M, Eller P et al (2025) Acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with cancer: the YELENNA prospective multinational observational cohort study. Intensive Care Med 51:1809\u20131819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-025-08113-7","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"8554_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2014.887709","volume":"55","author":"A-S Moreau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moreau A-S, Lengline E, Seguin A et al (2014) Respiratory events at the earliest phase of acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 55:2556\u20132563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10428194.2014.887709","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"8554_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(25)00125-0","volume":"13","author":"V Lemiale","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lemiale V, Resche-Rigon M, Zerbib Y et al (2025) Adjunctive corticosteroids in non-AIDS patients with severe Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PIC): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 13:800\u2013808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(25)00125-0","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"}],"container-title":["Intensive Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00134-026-08554-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00134-026-08554-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00134-026-08554-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T13:40:43Z","timestamp":1789047643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00134-026-08554-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["8554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-026-08554-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0342-4642","1432-1238"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0342-4642","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1238","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Elie Azoulay has received research grants from MSD AVENIR and from Fisher & Paykel, He has received fees for lectures from Pfizer, Mundipharma and Fisher & Paykel. Other authors report no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"ChatGPT and Napkin AI were used to generate Fig.\u00a0\n                      \n                      under the authors\u2019 guidance through an iterative back-and-forth process. Claude AI was used to assist in reducing the manuscript length.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"AI disclosure","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}