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JS has a researcher contract with TXP Medical Co., Ltd. SS reports consulting fees from CureApp, Inc. and lecture fees from Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd. The other authors declare no competing interests directly related to the submitted work.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Both Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV and eICU Collaborative Research Database are publicly available de-identified databases. The use of Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV was approved by the institutional review boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (No. 0403000206) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (2001-P-001699\/14). The eICU Collaborative Research Database was released under Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act safe harbor provisions. 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