{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T04:01:14Z","timestamp":1773288074312,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,1]],"date-time":"1998-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":886291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,1]],"date-time":"1998-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":886291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,1]],"date-time":"1998-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":886291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,1]],"date-time":"1998-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":886291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intensive Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T07:30:30Z","timestamp":1030260630000},"page":"105-117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Medical and ventilatory management of status asthmaticus"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"B. D.","family":"Levy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Kitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. H.","family":"Fanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"80240105134_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7092.1439","volume":"314","author":"MJ Campbell","year":"1997","unstructured":"Campbell MJ, Cogman GR, Holgate ST, Johnston SL (1997) Age specific trends in asthma mortality in England and Wales, 1983\u201395: results of an observational study. BMJ 314:1439\u20131441","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"80240105134_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(96)00375-7","volume":"50","author":"SF Lanes","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lanes SF, Birmann B, Raiford D, Walker AM (1997) International trends in sales of inhaled fenoterol, all inhaled \u03b1-agonists, and asthma mortality, 1970\u20131992. J Clin Epidemiol 50: 321\u20138","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"80240105134_CR3","unstructured":"Anonymous (1995) Asthma \u2014 United States, 1982\u20131992. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 43: 952\u2013955"},{"key":"80240105134_CR4","unstructured":"Data from the Rate Setting Commission of Massachusetts (1996)"},{"key":"80240105134_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3437","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.268.24.3437","volume":"268","author":"EM Skobeloff","year":"1992","unstructured":"Skobeloff EM, Spivey WH, St. Clair SS, Schoffstall JM (1992) The influence of age and sex on asthma admissions. JAMA 268: 3437\u20133440","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"80240105134_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(89)90351-5","volume":"84","author":"R Sly","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sly R (1989) Mortality from asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 84: 421\u2013434","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"80240105134_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.1.59","volume":"82","author":"W Carr","year":"1992","unstructured":"Carr W, Zeitel L, Weiss K (1992) Variations in asthma hospitalizations and deaths in New York City. Am J of Public Health 82: 59\u201365","journal-title":"Am J of Public Health"},{"key":"80240105134_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.1.28","volume":"108","author":"DJ Gottlieb","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gottlieb DJ, Beiser AS, O\u2019Connor GT (1995) Poverty, race, and medication use are correlates of asthma hospitalization rates. A small area analysis in Boston. Chest 108:28\u201335","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"80240105134_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09091775","volume":"9","author":"C Picado","year":"1996","unstructured":"Picado C (1996) Classification of severe asthma exacerbations: a proposal. Eur Respir J 9:1775\u20131778","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"80240105134_CR10","first-page":"192","volume-title":"Intensive care manual","author":"DV Tuxen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Tuxen DV, Oh T (1990) Acute severe asthma. In: Oh T (ed) Intensive care manual. Butterworths, Sydney, pp 192\u2013199"},{"key":"80240105134_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/142.1.108","volume":"142","author":"JB Wasserfallen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wasserfallen JB, Schaller MD, Feihl F, Perret CH (1990) Sudden asphyxic asthma: a distinct entity? Am Rev Respir Dis 142:108\u2013111","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"80240105134_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199405123301901","volume":"330","author":"Y Kikuchi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kikuchi Y, Okabe S, Tamura G, Hida W, Homma M, Shirato K, Takishima T (1994) Chemosensitivity and perception of dyspnea in patients with a history of near-fatal asthma. N Engl J Med 330:1329\u20131334","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"80240105134_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(93)90278-W","volume":"95","author":"JM Kallenbach","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kallenbach JM, Frankel AH, Lapinsky SE, Thornton AS, Blott JA, Smith C, Feldman C, Zwi S (1993) Determinants of near fatality in acute severe asthma. Am J Med 95: 265\u2013272","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"80240105134_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/146.5_Pt_1.1136","volume":"146","author":"DV Tuxen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tuxen DV, Williams TJ, Scheinkestel CD, Czarny D, Bowes G (1992) Use of a measurement of pulmonary hyperinflation to control the level of mechanical ventilation in patients with acute severe asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 146: 1136\u20131142","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"80240105134_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.03080861","volume":"3","author":"EM Pouw","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pouw EM, Kooeter GH, deMonchy JG, Houran AJ, Sluiter HJ (1990) Clinical assessment after a life-threatening attack of asthma: the role of bronchial reactivity. Eur Respir J 3: 861\u2013866","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"80240105134_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(21)00282-3","volume":"5","author":"J Hogg","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hogg J (1984) The pathology of asthma. Clin Chest Med 5: 567\u2013571","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"80240105134_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/139.3.732","volume":"139","author":"R Rodriguez-Roisin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Roisin R, Ballaster E, Roca J, Torres A, Wagner PD (1989) Mechanisms of hypoxemia in patients with status asthmaticus requiring mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 139: 732\u2013739","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"80240105134_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/137.5.1055","volume":"137","author":"J Roca","year":"1988","unstructured":"Roca J, Ramis L, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Ballister E, Montserrat JM, Wagner PD (1988) Serial relationships between ventilation perfusion inequality and spirometry in acute severe asthma requiring hospitalization. Am Rev Respir Dis 137:1055\u20131061","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"80240105134_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(71)90307-X","volume":"51","author":"AS Rebuck","year":"1971","unstructured":"Rebuck AS, Read J (1971) Assessment and management of severe asthma. Am J Med 51: 788\u2013798","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"80240105134_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/138.3.535","volume":"138","author":"RD Mountain","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mountain RD, Sahn S (1988) Clinical features and outcome in patients with acute asthma presenting with hypercapnia. Am Rev Respir Dis 138: 535\u2013539","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"80240105134_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1967.23.5.646","volume":"23","author":"NB Pride","year":"1967","unstructured":"Pride NB, Permutt S, Riley RL, Bromberger-Barnea B (1967) Determinants of maximal expiratory flow from the lung. J Appl Physiol 23: 646\u2013662","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"80240105134_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)30552-1","volume":"74","author":"JB Hall","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hall JB, Wood LD (1990) Management of the critically ill asthmatic patient. Med Clin N Am 74: 779\u2013796","journal-title":"Med Clin N Am"},{"key":"80240105134_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)93324-2","volume":"2","author":"GK Knowles","year":"1973","unstructured":"Knowles GK, Clark TJ (1973) Pulsus paradoxus as a valuable sign indicating severity of asthma. Lancet 2:1356\u20131359","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"80240105134_CR24","first-page":"327","volume":"116","author":"NK Burki","year":"1977","unstructured":"Burki NK, Diamond L (1977) Serum creatine phosphokinase activity in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 116: 327\u2013331","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"80240105134_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)90436-9","volume":"75","author":"D Appel","year":"1983","unstructured":"Appel D, Rubenstein R, Schrager K, Williams MH Jr (1983) Lactic acidosis in severe asthma. Am J Med 75: 580\u2013584","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"80240105134_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.249.15.2043","volume":"249","author":"RM Nowak","year":"1983","unstructured":"Nowak RM, Tomlanovich MC, Sarkar DD, Kvale PA, Anderson JA (1983) Arterial blood gas and pulmonary function testing in acute bronchial asthma. JAMA 249: 2043\u20132046","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"80240105134_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(82)90498-3","volume":"72","author":"CH Fanta","year":"1982","unstructured":"Fanta CH, Rossing TH, McFadden ER Jr (1982) Emergency room of treatment of asthma. Relationships among therapeutic combinations, severity of obstruction and time course of response. Am J Med 72: 416\u2013422","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"80240105134_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196805092781901","volume":"278","author":"McFadden ER","year":"1968","unstructured":"McFadden ER Jr (1968) Lyons HA. Arterial-blood gas tension in asthma. N Engl J Med 278:1027\u20131032","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"80240105134_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(21)01105-9","volume":"7","author":"V Popa","year":"1986","unstructured":"Popa V (1986) Beta-adrenergic drugs. Clin Chest Med 7: 313\u2013329","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"80240105134_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.30.3.300","volume":"30","author":"GM Cochrane","year":"1975","unstructured":"Cochrane GM, Clark T (1975) A survey of asthma mortality in patients between ages 35 and 64 in Greater London Hospitals in 1971. Thorax 30: 300\u2013305","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"80240105134_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-112-1-68","volume":"112","author":"JP Laaban","year":"1990","unstructured":"Laaban JP, Waked M, Laromiguiere M, Vuong TIC, Rochmaure J (1990) Hypophosphatemia complicating management of acute severe asthma. Ann Intern Med 112: 68\u201369","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"80240105134_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/146.2.517","volume":"146","author":"JA Douglass","year":"1992","unstructured":"Douglass JA, Tuxen DV, Home M, Scheinkestel CD, Weinmann M, Czarny D, Bowes G (1992) Myopathy in severe asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 146: 517\u2013519","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"80240105134_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197505292922204","volume":"292","author":"BR Horn","year":"1975","unstructured":"Horn BR, Robin ED, Theodore J, Van Kessel A (1975) Total eosinophil counts in the management of bronchial asthma. N Engl J Med 292:1152\u20131155","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"80240105134_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.41.7.503","volume":"41","author":"A Sakula","year":"1986","unstructured":"Sakula A (1986) Charcot-Leyden crystals and Curschmann spirals in asthmatic sputum. Thorax 41: 503\u2013507","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"80240105134_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)80992-8","volume":"22","author":"TW GE Tsai","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tsai TW GE, Lombardi G, Gennis P, Carter W (1993) Guidelines for the selective ordering of admission chest radiography in adult obstructive airway disease. Ann Emerg Med 22:1854\u20131858","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"80240105134_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.78.3.429","volume":"78","author":"GW Josephson","year":"1980","unstructured":"Josephson GW, Kennedy HL, McKen-zie EJ, Gibson G (1980) Cardiac dysrhythmias during the treatment of acute asthma. A comparison of two treatment regimens by a double blind protocol. Chest 78: 429\u2013435","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"Suppl]","key":"80240105134_CR37","first-page":"1","volume":"52","author":"Anonymous","year":"1997","unstructured":"Anonymous (1997) The British guidelines on asthma management 1995: review and position statement. Thorax 52 [Suppl]: 1\u201324","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"80240105134_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.151.5.7735578","volume":"151","author":"TC Corbridge","year":"1995","unstructured":"Corbridge TC, Hall JB (1995) The assessment and management of adults with status asthmaticus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151:1296\u20131316","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"80240105134_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.103.3.661","volume":"103","author":"M Newhouse","year":"1993","unstructured":"Newhouse M (1993) Emergency department management of life-threatening asthma: are nebulizers obsolete? Chest 103: 661\u2013663","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"80240105134_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.103.3.665","volume":"103","author":"AH Idris","year":"1993","unstructured":"Idris AH, McDermott MF, Raucci JC, Morrabel A, McGorray S, Hendeles L (1993) Emergency department treatment of severe asthma. Metered-dose inhaler plus holding chamber is equivalent in effectiveness to nebulizer. Chest 103:665\u2013672","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"80240105134_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.93.3.476","volume":"93","author":"JR Turner","year":"1988","unstructured":"Turner JR, Corkery KJ, Eckman D, Gelb AM, Lipavsky A, Sheppard D (1988) Equivalence of continuous flow nebulizer and metered-dose inhaler with reservoir bag for treatment of acute airflow obstruction. Chest 93: 476\u2013481","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"80240105134_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(89)90182-6","volume":"84","author":"D Appel","year":"1989","unstructured":"Appel D, Karpel JP, Sherman M (1989) Epinephrine improves expiratory flow rates in patients with asthma who do not respond to inhaled metaproterenol sulfate. J Allergy Clin Immunol 84: 90\u201398","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"80240105134_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.67.3.279","volume":"67","author":"DW Amory","year":"1975","unstructured":"Amory DW, Burnham SC, Cheney FW (1975) Comparison of the cardiopulmonary effects of subcutaneously administered epinephrine and terbutaline in patients with reversible airway obstruction. Chest 67: 279\u2013286","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"80240105134_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(16)33292-6","volume":"12","author":"CR Rosenfeld","year":"1976","unstructured":"Rosenfeld CR, Barton MED, Meschia G (1976) Effects of epinephrine on distribution of blood flow in the pregnant ewe. Am J Obstet Gynecol 12:156\u2013163","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"80240105134_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6105.84","volume":"1","author":"P Lawford","year":"1978","unstructured":"Lawford P, Jones BJM, Milledge JS (1978) Comparison of intravenous and nebulized salbutamol in the initial treatment of severe asthma. Br Med J 1: 84","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"80240105134_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.36.8.629","volume":"36","author":"SJ Williams","year":"1981","unstructured":"Williams SJ, Winner SJ, Clark TJH (1981) Comparison of inhaled and intravenous terbutaline in acute severe asthma. Thorax 36: 629\u2013631","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"80240105134_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.149.6.8004299","volume":"148","author":"S Salmeron","year":"1994","unstructured":"Salmeron S, Brochard L, Mal H, Tenaillon A, Henry-Amar M, Renon D, Duroux P, Simonneau G (1994) Nebulized versus intravenous albuterol in hypercapnic acute asthma: a multicenter, double-blind randomized study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 148:1466\u20131470","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"80240105134_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198601163140304","volume":"314","author":"B Littenberg","year":"1986","unstructured":"Littenberg B, Gluck EH (1986) A controlled trial of methylprednisolone in the emergency treatment of acute asthma. N Engl J Med 314:150\u2013152","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"80240105134_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/147.5.1306","volume":"147","author":"ER McFadden","year":"1993","unstructured":"McFadden ER Jr (1993) Dosages of corticosteroids in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 147:1306\u20131310","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"80240105134_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-112-11-822","volume":"112","author":"LM Stein","year":"1990","unstructured":"Stein LM, Cole R (1990) Early administration of corticosteroids in emergency room treatment of acute asthma. Ann Intern Med 112: 822\u2013827","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"80240105134_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)91076-8","volume":"74","author":"CH Fanta","year":"1983","unstructured":"Fanta CH, Rossing TH, McFadden ER Jr (1983) Glucocorticoids in acute asthma. A critical controlled trial. Am J Med 74: 845\u2013851","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"80240105134_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)91202-0","volume":"75","author":"SB Fiel","year":"1983","unstructured":"Fiel SB, Swartz M, Glanz K, Francis ME (1983) Efficacy of short-term corticosteroid therapy in outpatient treatment of acute bronchial asthma. Am J Med 75: 259\u2013262","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"80240105134_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.93.1.11","volume":"93","author":"IB Hoffman","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hoffman IB, Fiel SB (1988) Oral vs repository corticosteroid therapy in acute asthma. Chest 93:11\u201313","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"80240105134_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199103213241202","volume":"324","author":"KR Chapman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Chapman KR, Verbeek PR, White JG, Rebuck AS (1991) Effect of a short course of prednisone in the prevention of early relapse after the emergency room treatment of acute asthma. N Engl J Med 324: 788\u2013794","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"80240105134_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.143.7.1324","volume":"143","author":"RJ Haskell","year":"1983","unstructured":"Haskell RJ, Wong BM, Hansen JE (1983) A double-blind, randomized clinical trial of methylprednisolone in status asthmaticus. Arch Intern Med 143:1324\u20131327","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"8474","key":"80240105134_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90654-9","volume":"1","author":"BD Harrison","year":"1986","unstructured":"Harrison BD, Stokes TC, Hart GJ, Vaughan DA, Alin J, Robinson AA (1986) Need for intravenous hydrocortisone in addition to oral prednisone in patients admitted to hospital with severe asthma without ventilatory failure. Lancet 1(8474): 181\u2013184","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"80240105134_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.94.4.723","volume":"94","author":"S Jonsson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Jonsson S, Kjartansson G, Gislason D, Helgason H (1988) Comparison of the oral and intravenous routes for treating asthma with methylprednisolone and theophylline. Chest 94: 732\u2013736","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"80240105134_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.260.4.527","volume":"260","author":"D Ratto","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ratto D, Alfredo C, Sipsey J, Glovsky MM, Sharma OP (1988) Are intravenous corticosteroids required in status asthmaticus? JAMA 260: 527\u2013529","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"80240105134_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(97)70270-1","volume":"29","author":"PL Barnett","year":"1997","unstructured":"Barnett PL, Caputo GL, Baskin M, Kupperman N (1997) Intravenous versus oral corticosteroids in the management of acute asthma in children. Ann Emerg Med 29: 212\u2013217","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"80240105134_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199605233342107","volume":"334","author":"M Weinberger","year":"1996","unstructured":"Weinberger M, Hendeles L (1996) Theophylline in asthma. N Engl J Med 334:1380\u20131388","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"80240105134_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1177\/106002808902301209","volume":"23","author":"HW Kelly","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kelly HW, Murphy S (1989) Should we stop using theophylline for the treatment of the hospitalized patient with status asthmaticus? DICP 23: 995\u2013998","journal-title":"DICP"},{"key":"80240105134_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.259.11.1678","volume":"259","author":"B Littenberg","year":"1988","unstructured":"Littenberg B (1988) Aminophylline in severe, acute asthma: a meta-analysis. JAMA 259:1678\u20131684","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"80240105134_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.110.3.611","volume":"110","author":"JP Karpel","year":"1996","unstructured":"Karpel JP, Schacter EN, Fanta C, Levey D, Spiro P, Aldrich T, Menjoge SS, Witek TJ (1996) A comparison of ipratropium and albuterol vs albuterol alone for the treatment of acute asthma. Chest 110: 611\u2013616","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"80240105134_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.111.2.311","volume":"111","author":"JM FitzGerald","year":"1997","unstructured":"FitzGerald JM, Grunfeld A, Pare PD, Levy RD, Newhouse MT, Hodder R, Chapman KR and the Canadian Combivent Study Group (1997) The clinical efficacy of combination nebulized anti-cholinergic and adrenergic bronchodilators vs nebulized adrenergic bron-chodilator alone in acute asthma. Chest 111:311\u2013315","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"80240105134_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(21)00584-0","volume":"9","author":"N Gross","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gross N (1988) The use of anticholinergic agents in the treatment of airways disease. Clin Chest Med 9: 591\u2013598","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"80240105134_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.282.6264.598","volume":"282","author":"MJ Ward","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ward MJ, Fentem PH, Smith WHR, Davies D (1981) Ipratropium bromide in acute asthma. Br Med J 282: 598\u2013600","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"80240105134_CR67","first-page":"1287","volume-title":"The lung: scientific foundations","author":"J Drazen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Drazen J (1997) Effects of leukotrienes on airway function. In: Crystal RG, West JB, et al (eds) The lung: scientific foundations. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 1287\u20131296"},{"key":"80240105134_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(96)70220-8","volume":"98","author":"ST Holgate","year":"1996","unstructured":"Holgate ST, Bradding P, Sampson AP (1996) Leukotriene antagonists and synthesis inhibitors: new directions in asthma therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 98:1\u201313","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"80240105134_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.262.9.1210","volume":"262","author":"EM Skobeloff","year":"1989","unstructured":"Skobeloff EM, Spivey WH, McNamara RM, Greenspon L (1989) Intravenous magnesium sulfate for the treatment of acute asthma in the emergency department. JAMA 262:1210\u20131213","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"80240105134_CR70","first-page":"388","volume":"61","author":"G Rolla","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rolla G, Bucca C, Caria E, Arossa W, Bugiana M, Cesano L, Caropreso A (1986) Acute effect of intravenous magnesium sulfate on airway obstruction of asthmatic patients. Ann Allergy 61: 388\u2013391","journal-title":"Ann Allergy"},{"key":"80240105134_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.257.8.1076","volume":"257","author":"H Okayama","year":"1987","unstructured":"Okayama H, Aikawa T, Okayama M, Sasaki H, Mue S, Takishima T (1987) Bronchodilating effect of intravenous magnesium sulfate in bronchial asthma. JAMA 257:1076\u20131078","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"80240105134_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.97.2.373","volume":"97","author":"M Noppen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Noppen M, Vanmaele L, Impens N, Schandevyl W (1990) Bronchodilating effect of intravenous magnesium sulfate in acute severe asthma. Chest 97: 373\u2013376","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"80240105134_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)80885-6","volume":"21","author":"SM Green","year":"1992","unstructured":"Green SM, Rothrock SG (1992) Intravenous magnesium for acute asthma: failure to decrease emergency treatment duration or need for hospitalization. Ann Emerg Med 21: 260\u2013265","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"80240105134_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.98.3.693","volume":"98","author":"EH Gluck","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gluck EH, Onorato DJ, Castriotta R (1990) Helium-oxygen mixtures in intubated patients with status asthmaticus and respiratory acidosis. Chest 98: 693\u2013698","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"80240105134_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)91619-1","volume":"1","author":"VA Graham","year":"1982","unstructured":"Graham VA, Milton AF, Knowles GR, Davies RJ (1982) Routine antibiotics in hospital management of acute asthma. Lancet 1: 418\u2013420","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"80240105134_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/136.4.872","volume":"136","author":"DV Tuxen","year":"1987","unstructured":"Tuxen DV, Lane S (1987) The effects of ventilatory pattern on hyperinflation, airway pressures and circulation in mechanical ventilation of patients with severe airflow obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis 136: 872\u2013879","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"80240105134_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/146.3.607","volume":"146","author":"TJ Williams","year":"1992","unstructured":"Williams TJ, Tuxen DV, Scheinkestel CD, Czarny D, Bowes G (1992) Risk factors for morbidity in mechanically ventilated patients with acute severe asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 146: 607\u2013615","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"80240105134_CR78","first-page":"812","volume":"126","author":"JG Martin","year":"1982","unstructured":"Martin JG, Shore S, Engel LA (1982) Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on respiratory mechanics and pattern of breathing in induced asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 126: 812\u2013817","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"80240105134_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.100.2.445","volume":"100","author":"GU Meduri","year":"1991","unstructured":"Meduri GU, Abou-Shala N, Fox RC, Jones CB, Leeper KV, Wunderink RG (1991) Noninvasive face mask mechanical ventilation in patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure. Chest 100: 445\u2013454","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"80240105134_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-9441(93)90012-A","volume":"8","author":"U Shivaram","year":"1993","unstructured":"Shivaram U, Miro AM, Cash ME, Finch PJP, Heurich AE, Kamholz SL (1993) Cardiopulmonary responses to continuous positive airway pressure in acute asthma. J Crit Care 8: 87\u201392","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"80240105134_CR81","first-page":"588","volume":"51","author":"G Corseen","year":"1972","unstructured":"Corseen G, Guitierrez J, Reves JG, Huber FC (1972) Ketamine in the anesthetic management of asthmatic patients. Anesth Analg 51: 588\u2013596","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"80240105134_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3109\/02770909209059875","volume":"29","author":"TM Roy","year":"1992","unstructured":"Roy TM, Pruitt VL, Garner PA, Heine MF (1992) The potential role for anesthesia in status asthmaticus. J Asthma 29: 73\u201377","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"80240105134_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1992.tb03432.x","volume":"36","author":"V Sarma","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sarma V (1992) Use of ketamine in acute severe asthma. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 36:106\u2013107","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"80240105134_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/59.1.46","volume":"59","author":"J Hunter","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hunter J (1987) Adverse effects of neuromuscular blocking drugs. Br J Anesthesia 59: 46\u201360","journal-title":"Br J Anesthesia"},{"key":"80240105134_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/147.1.234","volume":"147","author":"J Hansen-Flaschen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hansen-Flaschen J, Cowen J, Raps EC (1993) Neuromuscular blockade in the intensive care unit. More than we bargained for. Am Rev Respir Dis 147: 234\u2013236","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"80240105134_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0704(18)30106-4","volume":"10","author":"EC Raps","year":"1994","unstructured":"Raps EC, Bird SJ, Hansen-Flaschen J (1994) Prolonged muscle weakness after neuromuscular blockade in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Clin 10: 799\u2013813","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"80240105134_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.5.8630621","volume":"153","author":"J Leatherman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Leatherman J, Fluegel W, Iber C, David WS, Davies SF (1996) Muscle weakness in mechanically ventilated patients with severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153:1686\u20131690","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"80240105134_CR88","first-page":"385","volume":"129","author":"R Darioli","year":"1984","unstructured":"Darioli R, Perret C (1984) Mechanical controlled hypoventilation in status asthmaticus. Am Rev Respir Dis 129: 385\u2013387","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"80240105134_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/140.1.5","volume":"140","author":"DV Tuxen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Tuxen DV (1989) Detrimental effects of positive end-expiratory pressure during controlled mechanical ventilation of patients with severe airflow obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis 140: 5\u20139","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"80240105134_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-195911000-00007","volume":"20","author":"MJ ER Frumin","year":"1959","unstructured":"Frumin MJ ER, Cohen G (1959) Apneic oxygenation in man. Anesthesiology 20: 789\u2013798","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"80240105134_CR91","first-page":"212","volume":"22","author":"DJ Copper","year":"1994","unstructured":"Copper DJ, Cailes JB, Scheinkestel CD, Tuxen DV (1994) Acute severe asthma and acidosis \u2014 effect of bicarbonate on cardiac and respiratory function. (abstract) Anesthesia Intensive Care 22: 212\u2013213","journal-title":"(abstract) Anesthesia Intensive Care"},{"key":"80240105134_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.264.3.366","volume":"264","author":"SS Braman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Braman SS, Kaemmerlen JT (1990) Intensive care of status asthmaticus. A 10-year experience. JAMA 264: 366\u2013368","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"80240105134_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/146.1.76","volume":"146","author":"CH Marquette","year":"1992","unstructured":"Marquette CH, Saulnier F, Leroy O, Wallaert B, Chopin C, Demaraq JM, Durocher A, Tonnel AB (1992) Long-term prognosis of near-fatal asthma. A 6-year follow-up study of 145 asthmatic patients who underwent mechanical ventilation for a near-fatal attack of asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 146: 76\u201381","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"80240105134_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/088506668900400401","volume":"4","author":"T Petty","year":"1989","unstructured":"Petty T (1989) Treat status asthmaticus three days before it occurs. J Intensive Care Med 4:135\u2013136","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"}],"container-title":["Intensive Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s001340050530.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s001340050530\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s001340050530","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s001340050530.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T21:37:57Z","timestamp":1744148277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s001340050530"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]}},"alternative-id":["80240105134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s001340050530","relation":{},"ISSN":["0342-4642","1432-1238"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0342-4642","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1238","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 March 1997","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 1997","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}