{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T06:17:40Z","timestamp":1790403460528,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,22]],"date-time":"2003-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1045872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knee surg. sports traumatol. arthrosc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study evaluated the healing process of an isolated medial collateral ligament (MCL) rupture at 12 weeks in a goat model. Using a robotic\/UFS testing system, knee kinematics in multiple degrees of freedom and in situ forces in the healing MCL in response to (1) a 67\u2010N anterior tibial load and (2) a 5\u2010Nm valgus moment were evaluated as a function of angles of knee flexion. Then a uniaxial tensile test of femur\u2010MCL\u2010tibia complexes (FMTCs) was preformed to obtain the structural properties of the FMTC and mechanical properties of the healing MCL substance. The histological appearance of the healing MCL was also examined for collagen and cell organization. The anterior tibial translation in response to a 67\u2010N anterior tibial load was found to range from 1.9 to 2.4\u00a0mm, which was not significantly different from the sham\u2010operated, contralateral control knee. In response to a 5\u2010Nm valgus moment, however, MCL injury caused a 40% or more increase in valgus rotations over sham\u2010operated controls for all angles of knee flexion tested. The magnitudes of the in situ forces in the healing MCLs for neither external loading conditions differed from sham\u2010operated controls. For the structural properties of the healing FMTC, the stiffness returned to sham\u2010operated control levels, but ultimate load at failure remained 60% of sham\u2010operated control values. In terms of mechanical properties of the healing MCL, its tangent modulus and stress at failure were only 40% of sham\u2010operated control values. Histologically, the collagen and cell organization at the femoral and tibial insertions as well as the midsubstance remained disorganized. Comparing these data to those previously reported at 6 weeks, there was a marked improvement in the in situ forces in the healing MCL and of the stiffness of the FMTC. Also, the data obtained for the goat model revealed a faster healing process than those for the rabbit model. These findings suggest that greater post\u2010injury activity levels may render the goat to be a better animal model for studying the healing process of the MCL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-002-0336-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,6]],"date-time":"2016-11-06T20:04:15Z","timestamp":1478462655000},"page":"155-162","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["A biomechanical and histological evaluation of the structure and function of the healing medial collateral ligament in a goat model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Steven D.","family":"Abramowitch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Research Center Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pittsburgh P.O. Box 71199, E1641 Bioscience Tower, 210\u00a0Lothrop Street Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos D.","family":"Papageorgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Research Center Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pittsburgh P.O. Box 71199, E1641 Bioscience Tower, 210\u00a0Lothrop Street Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard E.","family":"Debski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Research Center Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pittsburgh P.O. Box 71199, E1641 Bioscience Tower, 210\u00a0Lothrop Street Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore D.","family":"Clineff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Research Center Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pittsburgh P.O. Box 71199, E1641 Bioscience Tower, 210\u00a0Lothrop Street Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savio L\u2010Y.","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Research Center Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pittsburgh P.O. Box 71199, E1641 Bioscience Tower, 210\u00a0Lothrop Street Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658601400603"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100100404"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00451505"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0945\u2010053X(98)90089\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100100202"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197052010-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197456060-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100120308"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197805000-00038","volume":"132","author":"Fetto","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658301100602"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03008209709160226"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2895477"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021\u20109290(96)00075\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659101900405"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198769080-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-199501000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03008209009009809"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659302100203"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100070211"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3108414"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02584446"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199704000-00031"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/000164700317393394"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","first-page":"3","volume":"4","author":"Miyasaka","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Knee Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100130416"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.0787"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001670000134"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","first-page":"447","volume":"20","author":"Ohland","year":"1991","journal-title":"ASME"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100130319"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465010290051501"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659402200406"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","first-page":"287","volume":"28","author":"Rudy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv Bioeng"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198769080-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1114\/1.1349701"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199505000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100130617"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","unstructured":"SmutzWP DrexlerM BerglundLJ GrowneyE AnKN(1994)Accuracy of a video strain measurement system.Presented at ASB"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100180211"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100090407"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100010104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(86)90016-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658701500104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2891206"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679709003997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100140209"}],"container-title":["Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00167-002-0336-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00167-002-0336-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00167-002-0336-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00167-002-0336-5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T08:41:11Z","timestamp":1760863271000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s00167-002-0336-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,22]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1007\/s00167-002-0336-5"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-002-0336-5","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0942-2056","1433-7347"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0942-2056","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-7347","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,22]]}}}