{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:13:58Z","timestamp":1773015238013,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,5]],"date-time":"2004-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1083715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knee surg. sports traumatol. arthrosc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Off\u2010road motorcycling is one of the most popular sports activities practiced by millions of people in the world but little has been written on motocross traumatology and its prevention. This paper aims to evaluate motocross injuries in terms of injury ratio, location, causes, and possible prevention in a series of competitions organized by Motorcyclistic Federations over a 12\u2010year period. We retrospectively evaluated 1,500 accidents with 1,870 rider injuries out of a group of 15,870 athletes participating in European off\u2010road competition from 1980 to 1991. Data were collected from race medical reports, insurance declarations and follow\u2010up forms filled up by riders involved in accidents. We then classified the type and location of the injury, modality of the accident, the protective gear used and the recovery of the riders. We compared our data to lesions noted in motorcycle road races using the chi\u2010square test and the <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2010test. The overall incidence of motocross injuries in our study was 94.5\u2030, while stadium cross competitions had a 150\u2030 rate and outdoor motocross a rate of 76\u2030 representing a risk of accident of 22.72\u2030 hours of riding. Among the total of 1,870\u00a0injuries, 1076 were bruises; 27.9% of these were in the upper extremities, 26.9% on the lower, 21.2% on the trunk, and 16% on the face. There were 450 fractures recorded, 50.9% in the upper extremities, 38% in the lower, and the rest were on the spine, chest, and skull. The 26 spine fractures (5.8%) produced permanent neurologic sequelae in eight patients. Ligamentous lesions accounted for 344 cases with 206 (59.9%) occurring in the lower extremities especially on the knee (42.4%). Head trauma was noted in 86 cases (5.7% of accidents) producing coma in 3%, and loss of consciousness in 14%. Limb involvement for all types of injuries were more frequent on the left side (60%). Motocross is a high\u2010risk sport: our study revealed the most common modalities and types of lesions sustained by the riders. Despite the reduction of some injuries by better protective gears, the occurrence of knee sprain, and wrist and clavicular fractures are still high. Furthermore, the high number of spine lesions with subsequent neurologic deficit noted in indoor races raises doubts about the safety of these events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-004-0510-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,4]],"date-time":"2004-05-04T13:46:58Z","timestamp":1083678418000},"page":"574-580","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["The incidence of motocross injuries: a 12\u2010year investigation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alberto","family":"Gobbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedic Arthroscopic Surgery International Via Amadeo 24 20133 Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Tuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedic Arthroscopic Surgery International Via Amadeo 24 20133 Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Panuncialman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedic Arthroscopic Surgery International Via Amadeo 24 20133 Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1982.11947207"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.25.3.121"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"241","volume":"14","author":"Gobbi","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Sports Traumatol Rel Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657600400408"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.20.4.157"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(93)90145-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(93)90145-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001\u20104575(94)00079\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199611000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199502000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117746"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"207","volume":"5","author":"Van","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199301000-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020\u20101383(99)00312\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"141","volume":"22","author":"Schonhuber","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Sports Traumatol Rel Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199520050-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"81","volume":"17","author":"Volpi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Sports Traumatol Rel Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.36.1.39"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1993.tb137863.x"}],"container-title":["Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00167-004-0510-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00167-004-0510-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00167-004-0510-z","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T14:23:21Z","timestamp":1760883801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s00167-004-0510-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,5]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1007\/s00167-004-0510-z"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-004-0510-z","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0942-2056","1433-7347"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0942-2056","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-7347","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,5]]}}}