{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T09:21:35Z","timestamp":1773739295332,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,17]],"date-time":"2006-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1137456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knee surg. sports traumatol. arthrosc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several studies have been published on disc degeneration among young athletes in sports with great demands on the back, but few on competitive divers; however, there are no long\u2010term follow\u2010up studies. Twenty elite divers between 10 and 21 years of age, with the highest possible national ranking, were selected at random without knowledge of previous or present back injuries or symptoms for an MRI study of the thoraco\u2010lumbar spine in a 5\u2010year longitudinal study. The occurrence of MRI abnormalities and their correlation with back pain were evaluated. Eighty\u2010nine percent of the divers had a history of back pain and the median age at the first episode of back pain was 15 years. Sixty\u2010five percent of the divers had MRI abnormalities in the thoraco\u2010lumbar spine already at baseline. Only one diver without abnormalities at baseline had developed abnormalities at follow\u2010up. Deterioration of any type of abnormality was found in 9 of 17 (53%) divers. Including all disc levels in all divers, the total number of abnormalities increased by 29% at follow\u2010up, as compared to baseline. The most common abnormalities were reduced disc signal, Schmorl's nodes, and disc height reduction. Since almost all divers had previous or present back pain, a differentiated analysis of the relationship between pain and MRI findings was not possible. However, the high frequency of both back pain and MRI changes suggests a causal relationship. In conclusion, elite divers had high frequency of back pain at young ages and they run a high risk of developing degenerative abnormalities of the thoraco\u2010lumbar spine, probably due to injuries to the spine during the growth spurt.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-005-0032-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,16]],"date-time":"2006-01-16T10:14:16Z","timestamp":1137406456000},"page":"907-914","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Back pain and degenerative abnormalities in the spine of young elite divers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Adad","family":"Baranto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics The Sahlgrenska Academy G\u00f6teborg University and Sahlgrenska University Hospital 416 45 G\u00f6teborg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikael","family":"Hellstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology The Sahlgrenska Academy G\u00f6teborg University and Sahlgrenska University Hospital 416 45 G\u00f6teborg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rickard","family":"Nyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olof","family":"Lundin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics The Sahlgrenska Academy G\u00f6teborg University and Sahlgrenska University Hospital 416 45 G\u00f6teborg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leif","family":"Sw\u00e4rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics The Sahlgrenska Academy G\u00f6teborg University and Sahlgrenska University Hospital 416 45 G\u00f6teborg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256\u2010200333010\u201000006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00347732"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00365787"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Sports medicine and rehabilitation: a sport specific approach","author":"Andersson SJ","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195638050-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2004.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1985.11708947"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256\u2010199213010\u201000006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"282","article-title":"Development of the vertebral column as related to certain congenital and pathological changes","volume":"76","author":"Ehrenhaft J","year":"1943","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199108000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100838.1996.tb00067.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"271","article-title":"The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire","volume":"66","author":"Fairbank JC","year":"1980","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","volume-title":"US diving safety manual","author":"Gabriel JL","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659101900507"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3235-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658801600517"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"1999","article-title":"Stress fractures. 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