{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T19:15:33Z","timestamp":1773602133347,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,9]],"date-time":"2006-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1157760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knee surg. sports traumatol. arthrosc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bone tunnel fixation of a soft tissue tendon graft is the weak link immediately following ACL reconstruction. This biomechanical study evaluated the influence of extraction drilled or step dilated bone tunnels and bioabsorbable screw divergence on soft tissue tendon graft fixation. From an initial group of 50 available specimens, similar apparent bone mineral density porcine tibiae (1.2 \u00b1 0.24\u00a0g\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) were divided into two groups of ten specimens each. Group 1 (extraction drilled) received 9\u00a0mm diameter tunnels. Group 2 (step dilated) received 7\u00a0mm diameter tunnels that were dilated to 9\u00a0mm. Grafts were secured in tunnels using 10\u00a0mm diameter, 35\u00a0mm long tapered screws. After high resolution CT scanning to evaluate screw divergence, constructs were pretensioned on a servo hydraulic device between 10 and 50\u00a0N for 10 cycles, and isometric pretensioned at 50\u00a0N for 1\u00a0min, prior to 500 sub\u2010maximal loading cycles (50\u2013200\u00a0N) and load to failure testing at 20\u00a0mm\/min. Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests and Mann\u2013Whitney <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests were used to evaluate group differences. Coefficient of determination values (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) were calculated to further delineate statistically significant relationships. Tunnel preparation method did not display statistically significant effects on insertion torque, displacement during cyclic testing, relative stiffness during cyclic testing, load at failure, stiffness during load to failure testing or displacement during load to failure testing. Screw divergence &lt; 15\u00b0 produced lower displacement and greater relative stiffness during cyclic testing and greater load at failure and stiffness during load to failure testing. Screw divergence angle displayed moderate relationships with construct displacement during cyclic testing (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> =0.54), stiffness during load to failure testing (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> =0.60), and load at failure (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> =0.41). Tunnel dilation does not enhance soft tissue tendon graft fixation strength in healthy bone. Bioabsorbable screw divergence of \u2265 15\u00b0 significantly reduces soft tissue tendon graft\u2010bone tunnel fixation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-006-0116-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,8]],"date-time":"2006-09-08T16:26:58Z","timestamp":1157732818000},"page":"17-25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Bioabsorbable screw divergence angle, not tunnel preparation method influences soft tissue tendon graft\u2010bone tunnel fixation in healthy bone"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Duffee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Louisville 40202 Louisville KY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Brunelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Louisville 40202 Louisville KY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Nyland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Louisville 40202 Louisville KY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Burden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Louisville 40202 Louisville KY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akbar","family":"Nawab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Louisville 40202 Louisville KY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Caborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Louisville 40202 Louisville KY 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