{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T11:39:01Z","timestamp":1784893141559,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,8]],"date-time":"2011-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1299542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knee surg. sports traumatol. arthrosc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic results of open wedge HTO below the tubercle for genu varum in relatively young patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010seven knees in 19 patients with genu varum treated by open wedge HTO below the tubercle between 2001 and 2008 were retrospectively studied. Median follow\u2010up was 36\u00a0months (12\u2013108), and median patient age at the time of surgery was 26 years (16\u201345). Clinical results were evaluated using Lysholm knee scores and Hospital for Special Surgery knee scores. Satisfaction with the results of surgery (0\u201310 points) was subjectively evaluated using operative scar (1\u20135 points) and leg shape (1\u20135 points) results at follow\u2010up. Radiographic evaluations were made using: (1) tibiofemoral angles, (2) mechanical axis deviations, (3) varus\u2010valgus inclinations of the tibial plateau, (4) tibial slopes, and (5) Insall\u2010Savati and (6) Blackburne\u2010Peel ratios.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All but one patient achieved radiographic healing and union at the osteotomy site at an average of 3\u00a0months postoperatively. Average Lysholm knee score improved from 89.4 \u00b1 8.7 preoperatively to 98.6 \u00b1 2.5 at final follow\u2010up (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.0001), and mean HSS score improved from 91.1 \u00b1 5.6 preoperatively to 98.5 \u00b1 2.0 at final follow\u2010up (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.0001). Mean patient satisfaction score at final follow\u2010up was 8.6 \u00b1 1.0, and mean tibiofemoral angle increased from \u22121.6\u00b0 preoperatively to 7.7\u00b0 at final follow\u2010up (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001). The point where the mechanical axis crosses the tibial plateau also shifted significantly from 15.0% preoperatively to 50.6% at final follow\u2010up (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.0002). However, mean posterior tibial slope did not change significantly (9.7\u00b0 preoperatively and 8.7\u00b0 at final follow\u2010up; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = NS), and neither did patella heights as measured by Insall\u2010Savati and Blackburne\u2010Peel ratios.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both functional assessment and radiographic measures indicated that HTO below the tibial tubercle leads to significant improvements in radiographic parameters and knee function without changes in patellar height or posterior tibial slope. The results obtained support the hypotheses that opening wedge HTO below the tibial tubercle should be recommended in relatively young patients with genu varum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>Therapeutic study, Level IV.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-011-1453-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,8]],"date-time":"2011-03-08T04:52:50Z","timestamp":1299559970000},"page":"57-63","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["High tibial open wedge osteotomy below the tibial tubercle: clinical and radiographic results"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jong Sup","family":"Shim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Hak","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>2<\/label>--> Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Chung\u2010Ang University, School of Medicine 224\u20101 140\u2010757 Heukseok\u2010dong, Dongjak\u2010ku, Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho Joong","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>2<\/label>--> Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Chung\u2010Ang University, School of Medicine 224\u20101 140\u2010757 Heukseok\u2010dong, Dongjak\u2010ku, Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Il","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402\u2010004\u20100728\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301\u2010620X.87B9.15972"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199302000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510371371"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DugdaleTW NoyesFR StyerD(1992) Preoperative planning for high tibial osteotomy. 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