{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T17:53:42Z","timestamp":1761155622838,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,21]],"date-time":"2012-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1340236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knee surg. sports traumatol. arthrosc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>While the effect of local anaesthetics on chondrocyte viability is widely documented, the effect of these medications on synoviocytes is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to understand the effect of 0.5 % bupivacaine and 0.5 % bupivacaine with epinephrine on synoviocyte viability, cytokine and growth factor release, and breakdown product formation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rabbit fibroblast\u2010like synoviocyte (Type B) cultures were perfused with 0.5 % bupivacaine or 0.5 % bupivacaine with epinephrine (1:200,000) for 24 h. Cell viability was evaluated using a two\u2010colour fluorescence assay. The supernatant was analysed using multiplex inflammatory and matrix metalloproteinase assays.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Synoviocytes treated for 24 h with 0.5 % bupivacaine with epinephrine demonstrated a significant decrease in viability (31.3 \u00b1 19.4 % cell death) when compared with synoviocytes cultured in control media (3.8 \u00b1 1.3 % cell death, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.000) and those cultured in 0.5 % bupivacaine alone (12.6 \u00b1 11.1 % cell death, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.003). No significant decrease in cell viability was observed in synoviocytes treated with 0.5 % bupivacaine compared to those in control media (12.6 \u00b1 11.1 % vs 3.8 \u00b1 1.3 % cell death, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.194). Significantly greater amounts of MMP\u20101 (47.0 \u00b1 9.2 pg\/ml) and MMP\u20103 (250.0 \u00b1 68.8 pg\/ml) were observed in 0.5 % bupivacaine cultures compared with controls (14.3 \u00b1 14.3, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.023 and 72.0 \u00b1 84.9, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.045, respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>0.5 % bupivacaine with epinephrine caused a significant increase in cell death of the synoviocytes, while 0.5 % bupivacaine alone produced cell injury and a significant release of matrix metalloproteinases, which may also lead to indirect injury of the surrounding chondrocytes. These results may help explain the onset of chondrolysis observed in patients who have been treated with intra\u2010articular local anaesthetics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-012-2104-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,20]],"date-time":"2012-06-20T07:24:15Z","timestamp":1340177055000},"page":"1468-1474","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The effect of local anaesthetics on synoviocytes: a possible indirect mechanism of chondrolysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Hillary J.","family":"Braun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Stanford University Redwood City CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin T.","family":"Busfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>2<\/label>--> Sutter East Bay Medical Foundation Antioch CA 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