{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T20:54:50Z","timestamp":1778187290501,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,21]],"date-time":"2012-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1342828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knee surg. sports traumatol. arthrosc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To develop a preclinical large animal model of high tibial osteotomy to study the effect of axial alignment on the lower extremity on specific issues of the knee joint, such as in articular cartilage repair, development of osteoarthritis and meniscal lesions. Preoperative planning, surgical procedure and postoperative care known from humans were adapted to develop a HTO model in the adult sheep.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010five healthy, skeletally mature, female Merino sheep between 2 and 4 years of age underwent a HTO of their right tibia in a medial open\u2010wedge technique inducing a normal (group 1) and an excessive valgus alignment (group 2) and a closed\u2010wedge technique (group 3) inducing a varus alignment with the aim of elucidating the effect of limb alignment on cartilage repair in vivo. Animals were followed up for 6\u00a0months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Solid bone healing and maintenance of correction are most likely if the following surgical principles are respected: (1) medial and longitudinal approach to the proximal tibia; (2) biplanar osteotomy to increase initial rotatory stability regardless of the direction of correction; (3) small, narrow but long implant with locking screws; (4) posterior plate placement to avoid slope changes; (5) use of bicortical screws to account for the brittle bone of the tibial head and to avoid tibial head displacement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although successful high tibial osteotomy in sheep is complex, the sheep may\u2014because of its similarities with humans\u2014serve as an elegant model to induce axial malalignment in a clinically relevant environment, and osteotomy healing under challenging mechanical conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-012-2135-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,20]],"date-time":"2012-07-20T17:41:14Z","timestamp":1342806074000},"page":"228-236","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The preclinical sheep model of high tibial osteotomy relating basic science to the clinics: standards, techniques and pitfalls"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Dietrich","family":"Pape","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg 1460 Luxembourg Luxembourg"},{"name":"<!--<label>3<\/label>--> Sports Medicine Research Laboratory Public Research Centre for Health, Luxembourg, Centre M\u00e9dical de la Fondation Norbert Metz 76 rue d\u2019Eich 1460 Luxembourg Luxembourg"},{"name":"<!--<label>5<\/label>--> Cartilage Net of the Greater Region Homburg Germany"},{"name":"<!--<label>6<\/label>--> Clinique d\u2019Eich Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg 78, rue d\u2019Eich 460 Luxembourg Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henning","family":"Madry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>2<\/label>--> Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Saarland University 66421 Homburg\/Saarland Germany"},{"name":"<!--<label>4<\/label>--> Center of Experimental Orthopaedics Saarland University Homburg Germany"},{"name":"<!--<label>5<\/label>--> Cartilage Net of the Greater Region Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532\u2010950X.1998.tb00536.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086\u2010199807000\u201000010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20530"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021\u20109290(97)00127\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198769070-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000063563.90853.23"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30845-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2010.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102474\u201012\u2010214"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS\u201020\u201002\u2010094"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1977.170.06.615","article-title":"Sheep as animal models in biomedical research","volume":"170","author":"Kitchen H","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301\u2010620X.93B1.24767"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2010.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-002-0334-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2006.06.307"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167\u2010010\u20101054\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","first-page":"292","article-title":"Sheep model in orthopedic research: a literature review","volume":"51","author":"Martini L","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/joms.2002.29077"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","first-page":"56","article-title":"Experimental models of fracture repair","volume":"355","author":"Nunamaker DM","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511430376"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2010.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.oto.2006.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PapeD KohnD VanGN HoffmannA SeilR LorbachO(2011)Differences in fixation stability between spacer plate and plate fixator following high tibial osteotomy.Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc PMID 21983702","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-011-1693-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","first-page":"860","article-title":"Effect of opening wedge high tibial osteotomy on the lateral meniscus in a sheep model in vivo","volume":"36","author":"Sicks R","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transact Orthop Res Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.92B9.23660"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2005.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199805000-00028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447\u201020090915\u201051"}],"container-title":["Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00167-012-2135-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00167-012-2135-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00167-012-2135-y","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T10:22:00Z","timestamp":1760869320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s00167-012-2135-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,21]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1007\/s00167-012-2135-y"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-012-2135-y","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0942-2056","1433-7347"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0942-2056","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-7347","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,21]]}}}