{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T18:33:15Z","timestamp":1785177195478,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,12]],"date-time":"2013-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1363046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knee surg. sports traumatol. arthrosc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study was to examine whether different mechanical modifications and\/or impregnation of hyaluronic acid (HA) might enhance aragonite\u2010based scaffold properties for the regeneration of cartilage and bone in an animal model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bi\u2010phasic osteochondral scaffolds were prepared using coralline aragonite with different modifications, including 1\u2010 to 2\u2010mm\u2010deep drilled channels in the cartilage phase (Group 1, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 7) or in the bone phase (Group 2, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 8), and compared with unmodified coral cylinders (Group 3, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 8) as well as empty control defects (Group 4, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4). In each group, four of the implants were impregnated with HA to the cartilage phase. Osteochondral defects (6\u00a0mm diameter, 8\u00a0mm depth) were made in medial and lateral femoral condyles of 14 goats, and the scaffolds were implanted according to a randomization chart. After 6\u00a0months, cartilage and bone regeneration were evaluated macroscopically and histologically by an external laboratory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Group 1 implants were replaced by newly formed hyaline cartilage and subchondral bone (<jats:italic>combined histological evaluation according to the ICRS II<\/jats:italic>\u2010<jats:italic>2010 and O'Driscoll<\/jats:italic> et al<jats:italic>. 34<\/jats:italic> \u00b1 <jats:italic>4\u00a0n<\/jats:italic> = <jats:italic>7<\/jats:italic>). In this group, the cartilaginous repair tissue showed a smooth contour and was well integrated into the adjacent native cartilage, with morphological evidence of hyaline cartilage as confirmed by the marked presence of proteoglycans, a marked grade of collagen type II and the absence of collagen type I. The average scores in other groups were significantly lower (Group 2 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 8) 28.8 \u00b1 11, Group 3 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 8) 23 \u00b1 <jats:italic>9<\/jats:italic> and Group 4 (empty control, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4) 19.7 \u00b1 <jats:italic>15<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The implants with the mechanical modification and HA impregnation in the cartilage phase outperformed all other types of implant. Although native coral is an excellent material for bone repair, as a stand\u2010alone material implant, it does not regenerate hyaline cartilage. Mechanical modification with drilled channels and impregnation of HA within the coral pores enhanced the scaffold's cartilage regenerative potential. The modified implant shows young hyaline cartilage regeneration. This implant might be useful for the treatment of both chondral and osteochondral defects in humans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-013-2467-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,11]],"date-time":"2013-03-11T07:14:15Z","timestamp":1362986055000},"page":"1452-1464","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Osteochondral regeneration using a novel aragonite\u2010hyaluronate bi\u2010phasic scaffold in a goat model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Kon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"III Clinic\u2014Biomechanics Laboratory Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute Via Di Barbiano, 1\/10 40136 Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Filardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"III Clinic\u2014Biomechanics Laboratory Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute Via Di Barbiano, 1\/10 40136 Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedic Research &amp; Foot and Ankle Unit Rabin Medical Center Petah Tikwa Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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