{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T19:46:24Z","timestamp":1792439184230,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,18]],"date-time":"2013-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1379462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knee surg. sports traumatol. arthrosc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The impact of kinematic MRI (KINE\u2010MRI) in the patellofemoral instability and anterior knee pain of the adolescents is rarely reported. Our special interest was to evaluate the patellofemoral joint biomechanics with KINE\u2010MRI in adolescents with affected and unaffected knees in a case\u2013control study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>KINE\u2010MRI was performed in 29 adolescents (affected knee group, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 29 and unaffected knee group, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 26) aged 11\u201316 years with unilateral patellofemoral instability. For the control group, we enrolled ten healthy age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched volunteers (healthy knee group, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 19). The study parameters, bisect offset, lateral patellar displacement, patellar tilt angle, sulcus angle and Insall\u2013Salvati ratio at 0, 10, 20 and 30\u00b0 of flexion\u2013extension, were measured for the affected knee patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 29), unaffected knee patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 26) and the healthy knee subjects (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 19).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The affected knee and the healthy knee subjects had a significant difference in the bisect offset ratio, lateral patellar displacement test and patellar tilt angle test. In these parameters, the difference between the affected knee patients and the healthy knee subjects progressively increased towards the full extension of the knee. In the affected knee and unaffected knee patients, bisect offset ratio at 0\u00b0 ranged between 0.50 and 1.20\u00a0in both groups, whereas the bisect offset ratio in the healthy knee subjects ranged between 0.33 and 0.75 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). At the 0\u00b0, the lateral patellar displacement test ranged between 0 and 10\u00a0mm in the affected knee patients and between 0 and 35\u00a0mm in the unaffected knee patients, whereas the lateral displacement test ranged between 0 and 5\u00a0mm in the healthy knee subjects (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.003). Patellar tilt angle test ranged between \u221230 and 20\u00b0 in the affected knee patients and between \u221230 and 24\u00b0 in the unaffected knee patients, and in the healthy knee subjects, the patellar tilt angle test ranged between 10 and 24\u00b0 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The KINE\u2010MRI was able to detect significant differences in patellofemoral joint kinematics between the patients and the healthy subjects. A new finding with clinical relevance in our work is that the unaffected knee is very similar to the dislocated knee in adolescents and this should be taken in account in rehabilitation of patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>II.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-013-2679-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,17]],"date-time":"2013-09-17T08:57:06Z","timestamp":1379408226000},"page":"2795-2802","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Dynamic KINE\u2010MRI in patellofemoral instability in adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Gideon","family":"Regalado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery South Carelia Hospital Lappeenranta Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannu","family":"Lintula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery School of Medicine University of 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Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erkki","family":"Svedstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Turku University Central Hospital Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tero","family":"Vahlberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of Turku Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urho","family":"V\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery School of Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio 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