{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T03:10:44Z","timestamp":1783480244903,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knee surg. sports traumatol. arthrosc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to identify the optimal material and implantation method for subchondral bone repair.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four osteochondral defects in a femoral groove were created in both knees of 12 pigs, and the total number of defects was 96. Eight defects were left empty (empty group). Beta\u2010tricalcium phosphate (\u03b2\u2010TCP) bone substitutes with 75 and 67 % porosity were implanted in 30 and 29 defects, respectively (\u03b2\u2010TCP75 and \u03b2\u2010TCP67\u00a0groups). Hydroxyapatite (HA) bone substitutes with 75 % porosity were filled in 29 defects (HA group). Bone substitutes were implanted at 0, 2, or 4\u00a0mm below the subchondral bone plate (SBP). The reparative tissue was assessed using microfocus computed tomography and histology 3\u00a0months after implantation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Regardless of the kind of bone substitutes, the defects were filled almost completely after implanting them at the level of the SBP, while the defects remained after implanting them at 2 or 4\u00a0mm below the SBP. Reparative tissue of the \u03b2\u2010TCP75\u00a0group was similar to the normal cancellous bone, while that of the \u03b2\u2010TCP67 or HA group was not.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subchondral bone defects were filled almost completely only when bone substitutes were implanted at the level of the SBP. The reparative tissue after implanting the \u03b2\u2010TCP bone substitutes with 75 % porosity was the most similar to the normal cancellous bone. Therefore, implanting the \u03b2\u2010TCP bone substitutes with 75 % porosity at the level of the SBP could be recommended as a treatment method for subchondral bone repair in osteochondral defects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>I.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-014-2853-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,31]],"date-time":"2014-01-31T15:23:18Z","timestamp":1391181798000},"page":"1401-1409","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Bone substitutes and implantation depths for subchondral bone repair in osteochondral defects of porcine knee joints"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Tomohiko","family":"Matsuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine 2\u20102 Yamada\u2010oka 565\u20100871 Suita Osaka 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