{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:40:13Z","timestamp":1791873613669,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,4]],"date-time":"2014-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,4]],"date-time":"2014-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399161600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knee surg. sports traumatol. arthrosc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recently, the safety profile of local anaesthetics in intra\u2010articular use became into focus of investigation. Opioid drugs have a different mode of action and may be a safe and potent alternative for intra\u2010articular application. The purpose of this in vitro study is to provide evidence for significant chondrotoxicity of amide\u2010type local anaesthetics even after short\u2010term application on human chondrocytes and to demonstrate the absence of such negative effects for opioids [morphine, morphine\u20106\u2010glucuronide (M6G)].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Visually intact cartilage explants of human, mainly osteoarthritic joints (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 9), were harvested and cultivated in monolayer for expansion and transferred into alginate bead. The beads were incubated for increasing incubation times (15\u00a0min, 1 and 4 h) in decreasing concentrations (full, \u00bd, \u00bc for 15\u00a0min) of bupivacaine, ropivacaine, morphine, M6G or saline control. Adenosine triphosphate content of 798 beads was measured 3\u00a0days post\u2010incubation to assess cell viability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A clear ranking of cytotoxic potency: bupivacaine &gt; ropivacaine &gt; morphine = M6G = saline was observed. Results reveal a dose\u2010 and time\u2010dependent manner of cytotoxic effects on human chondrocytes for bupivacaine and ropivacaine but not for opioids. Cell viability after exposure to morphine and M6G was comparable to exposure to saline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results confirm dose\u2010 and time\u2010dependent cytotoxic effects on human chondrocytes for amide\u2010type local anaesthetics. This study confirms the safety of morphine and M6G in terms of an absence of cytotoxic effects after intra\u2010articular application, making them safe potential alternatives in clinical practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-014-2989-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,3]],"date-time":"2014-05-03T10:19:46Z","timestamp":1399112386000},"page":"2674-2681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Opioids as an alternative to amide\u2010type local anaesthetics for intra\u2010articular application"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Irina","family":"Ickert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics University Hospital Heinrich\u2010Heine\u2010University Duesseldorf 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