{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T22:44:01Z","timestamp":1785019441041,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,11]],"date-time":"2014-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,11]],"date-time":"2014-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399766400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knee surg. sports traumatol. arthrosc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the prevalence of lower extremities clinical and radiographic OA in former elite male athletes and referents from the general population and to examine its association with the participants\u2019 demographic characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two hundred and eighteen former elite male athletes (soccer, volleyball, martial arts, track and field and basketball players, and skiers) and 181\u00a0male controls that reported no systematic athletic activity were examined by means of questionnaire, clinical and radiographic evaluation. Exclusion criteria were age younger than 40 years and a positive history of lower extremity surgery, bone or soft tissue trauma and inflammatory arthropathy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, the prevalence of clinical OA between former elite athletes (15.6 %) and controls (14.4 %) was similar (n.s.). The prevalence of radiographic OA was significantly higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.03) in former elite athletes (36.6 %) compared with controls (23.9 %). All the participants with clinical OA who underwent radiographic examination also had radiographic OA. The prevalence of clinical and radiographic OA was similar (n.s.) between former athletes of different sports. Age, body mass index (BMI) and occupation variably predicted the prevalence of hip, knee and ankle OA in both study groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the absence of major bone and soft tissue lower limb trauma during their athletic career, former elite athletes may not be at increased risk of developing clinical OA. Radiographic signs of OA present at a significantly higher incidence and possibly precede the clinical onset of OA. Age, BMI and occupation are identified as strong predictors of the development of OA in former elite athletes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>Case\u2013control prognostic study, Level III.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-014-3047-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,10]],"date-time":"2014-05-10T07:32:40Z","timestamp":1399707160000},"page":"2528-2535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Lower limb clinical and radiographic osteoarthritis in former elite male athletes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Michael I.","family":"Iosifidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Papageorgiou General Hospital 21 Filiaton and Ikarou Str 55438 Thessalon\u00edki Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Tsarouhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery General Hospital of Trikala Trikala Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asimina","family":"Fylaktou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Peripheral Histocopatability Center and Immunology Laboratory Hippokrateio General Hospital Thessalon\u00edki Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780340502"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780290816"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"555","article-title":"Etude de la maturation osseuse et lesions osteo\u2010articulaires du sportif de haut niveau. 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