{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T20:57:18Z","timestamp":1773608238902,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,22]],"date-time":"2014-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,22]],"date-time":"2014-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416614400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knee surg. sports traumatol. arthrosc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Massive rotator cuff tears (MRCT) are usually chronic lesions that present associated degenerative changes of the myotendinous unit that have been implicated in limitations for surgical repair. In order to develop effective therapies, it is important to establish animal models that mimic the hallmarks of the injury itself. Therefore, in the present work, we aimed to (1) optimize a rodent animal model of MRCT that closely reproduces the fatty infiltration of the cuff muscles seen in humans and (2) describe the effects of unilateral or bilateral lesion in terms of histology and behaviour.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Massive tear was defined as two rotator cuff tendons\u2014supraspinatus and infraspinatus\u2014section. Twenty\u2010one Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: bilateral lesion (five animals), right\u2010sided unilateral lesion (five animals), left\u2010sided unilateral lesion (five animals) and control (six animals). Behaviour was analyzed with open field and staircase test, 16 weeks after lesion. After that, animals were killed, and the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles were processed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Histologic analysis revealed adipocytes, fatty infiltration and atrophy in the injured side with a greater consistency of these degenerative changes in the bilateral lesion group. Behaviour analysis revealed a significant functional impairment of the fine motor control of the forepaw analyzed in staircase test where the number of eaten pellets was significantly higher in sham animals (sham = 7 \u00b1 5.0; left unilateral = 2.6 \u00b1 3.0; right unilateral = 0 \u00b1 0; and bilateral = 0 \u00b1 0, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). A trend to reach a lower level of steps, in more injured animals, was also observed (sham animals = 3 \u00b1 1.6 &gt; left unilateral = 2 \u00b1 2.1 &gt; right unilateral = 0.8 \u00b1 1.3 &gt; bilateral = 0.8 \u00b1 1.1).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study has been able to establish an animal model that disclosed the hallmarks of MRCT. This can now be used as a valuable, cost\u2010effective, pre\u2010clinical instrument to assist in the development of advanced tissue engineered strategies. Moreover, this animal model overcomes some of the limitations of those that have been reported so far and thus represents a more reliable source for the assessment of future therapeutic strategies with potential clinical relevance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-014-3441-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,21]],"date-time":"2014-11-21T12:28:32Z","timestamp":1416572912000},"page":"608-618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Animal model for chronic massive rotator cuff tear: behavioural and histologic analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"N.","family":"Sevivas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS) School of Health Sciences University of Minho Campus de Gualtar 4710\u2010057 Braga Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B's \u2010 PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga, Guimar\u00e3es Portugal"},{"name":"Orthopaedics Department Hospital de Braga Braga Portugal"},{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Espregueira\u2010Mendes FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence Est\u00e1dio do Drag\u00e3o Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. C.","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS) School of Health Sciences University of Minho Campus de Gualtar 4710\u2010057 Braga Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B's \u2010 PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga, Guimar\u00e3es Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Portugal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department Centro Hospitalar S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F. G.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS) School of Health Sciences University of Minho Campus de Gualtar 4710\u2010057 Braga Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B's \u2010 PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga, Guimar\u00e3es Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. M.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS) School of Health Sciences University of Minho Campus de Gualtar 4710\u2010057 Braga Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B's \u2010 PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga, Guimar\u00e3es Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS) School of Health Sciences University of Minho Campus de Gualtar 4710\u2010057 Braga Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B's \u2010 PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga, Guimar\u00e3es Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Espregueira\u2010Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS) School of Health Sciences University of Minho Campus de Gualtar 4710\u2010057 Braga Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B's \u2010 PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga, Guimar\u00e3es Portugal"},{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Espregueira\u2010Mendes FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence Est\u00e1dio do Drag\u00e3o Porto Portugal"},{"name":"3B's Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, S. Cl\u00e1udio do Barco 4806\u2010909 Caldas das Taipas Guimar\u00e3es Portugal"},{"name":"Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine University of Minho AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, S. Cl\u00e1udio do Barco 4806\u2010909 Caldas das Taipas Guimar\u00e3es Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS) School of Health Sciences University of Minho Campus de Gualtar 4710\u2010057 Braga Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B's \u2010 PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga, Guimar\u00e3es Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. 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