{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T16:25:52Z","timestamp":1787934352015,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]],"date-time":"2019-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]],"date-time":"2019-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knee surg. sports traumatol. arthrosc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Septic arthritis of the knee is an orthopaedic emergency that is associated with marked morbidity and can potentially be life threatening. Surgical debridement can be performed either arthroscopically or via an arthrotomy. The aim of this study was to compare the 30\u2010day complications and adverse outcomes between the two procedures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with a diagnosis of septic arthritis of the knee between 2011 and 2015 were identified using the ACS\u2010NSQIP database. The study population included 695 patients, who had knee septic arthritis and underwent either an arthroscopic irrigation or debridement (I&amp;D) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009464) or open irrigation and debridement (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009231). Preoperative data included demographics, independent functional status, and comorbidities. Outcomes of interest included wound complications, infectious complications, cardiovascular events, hospital readmissions, and reoperations, or any of the previous adverse events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both cohorts were similar in most baseline characteristics. Bleeding requiring transfusion was significantly lower in the arthroscopic (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200913; 3.6%) compared to the open procedure (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200931; 13.4%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0001). Home discharge was significantly higher in the arthroscopic irrigation and debridement group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009310; 67.5%) compared to the open group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009126; 55%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0013). The overall incidence of adverse events was lower in the arthroscopic group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009158; 34%) compared to the open group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009112; 49%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0002). There was no difference in rates of infectious complications, thromboembolic events, hospital readmission, reoperation, or mortality between the groups. Open irrigation and debridement was associated with higher risk of bleeding requiring transfusion (OR\u2009=\u20093.79; 95% CI: 2.02\u20137.13; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0001), higher risk of incidence of adverse events (OR\u2009=\u20091.46; 95% CI: 1.02\u20132.08; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.039), and lower home discharge (OR\u2009=\u20093.79; 95% CI: 2.02\u20137.13; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0001) within 30\u00a0days after the procedure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Arthroscopic irrigation and debridement demonstrated favourable short\u2010term outcomes. Patients who underwent arthroscopic irrigation and debridement had lower rates of blood transfusions, lower rates of adverse events, and higher home discharge rates compared to open irrigation and debridement. This study is the largest analysis comparing arthroscopic vs. open irrigation and debridement in a national database sample. These findings conclude that arthroscopic debridement can be an alternative first\u2010line option in managing septic arthritis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>III.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-018-5328-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]],"date-time":"2019-01-02T01:11:59Z","timestamp":1546391519000},"page":"3304-3310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Arthroscopic irrigation and debridement is associated with favourable short\u2010term outcomes vs. open management: an ACS\u2010NSQIP database analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Mhamad","family":"Faour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assem A.","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaiben","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linsen T.","family":"Samuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gannon L.","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Molloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Higuera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>2<\/label>--> Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Cleveland Clinic Florida Weston FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Mont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>3<\/label>--> Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Lenox Hill Hospital New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195\u20106701(98)90302\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511417567"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167\u2010006\u20100224\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507299443"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167\u2010013\u20102648\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447\u201020151222\u201005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181ec4734"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","first-page":"440","article-title":"Management of septic arthritis: a systematic review","volume":"66","author":"Mathews CJ","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001670000129"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198510000-00028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.16.00110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.00630"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8713037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","unstructured":"NSQIP.American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program.n.d.https:\/\/www.facs.org\/quality\u2010programs\/acs\u2010nsqip?. 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Assem Sultan, MD, declares that he has no competing interests. Jaiben George, MD, declares that he has no competing interests. Linsen T. Samuel, MD, MBA, declares that he has no competing interests. Gannon L. Curtis, MD, declares that he has no competing interests. Robert Molloy, MD: Stryker: paid consultant; Paid presenter or speaker; research support. Zimmer: research support. Carlos A. Higuera, MD: 3M: research support. American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons: Board or committee member. American Journal of Orthopedics: editorial or governing board. CD Diagnostics: research support. Cempra: research support. Cymedica: research support. Ferring pharmaceuticals: research support. Journal of Hip Surgery: editorial or governing board. Journal of Knee Surgery: Editorial or governing board. KCI: paid consultant; paid presenter or speaker; research support. Mid-American Orthopaedic Association: board or committee member. Musculoskeletal Infection Society: board or committee member. OREF: research support. Orthofix, Inc.: research support. Pfizer: paid consultant. PSI: stock or stock options. Stryker: research support. TenNor Therapeutics Limited: paid consultant. Zimmer: paid consultant; research support. Michael A. Mont, MD. AAOS: board or committee member. Abbott: paid consultant. Cymedica: paid consultant. DJ Orthopaedics: paid consultant; research support. Johnson & Johnson: paid consultant; research support. Journal of Arthroplasty: editorial or governing board. Journal of Knee Surgery: editorial or governing board. Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals: paid consultant. Microport: IP royalties. National Institutes of Health (NIAMS & NICHD): research support. Ongoing Care Solutions: paid consultant; research support. Orthopedics: editorial or governing board. Orthosensor: paid consultant; research support. Pacira: paid consultant. Peerwell: stock or stock options. Performance Dynamics Inc.: paid consultant. Sage: paid consultant. Stryker: IP royalties; paid consultant; research support. Surgical Techniques International: editorial or governing board. TissueGene: paid consultant; research support.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}