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Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a type of alpha agonist that can elongate the duration of regional block. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the use of dexmedetomidine combined with SSNB and ANB with those of the use of SSNB and ANB alone on postoperative pain, satisfaction, and pain\u2010related cytokines within the first 48 h after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty patients with rotator cuff tears who had undergone arthroscopic rotator cuff repair were enrolled in this single\u2010center, double\u2010blinded randomized controlled trial study. Twenty patients were randomly allocated to group 1 and received ultrasound\u2010guided SSNB and ANB using a mixture of 0.5\u00a0ml (50 \u03bcg) of DEX and 9.5\u00a0ml of 0.75% ropivacaine preemptively. The other 20 patients were allocated to group 2 and underwent ultrasound\u2010guided SSNB and ANB alone using a mixture of 0.5\u00a0ml of normal saline and 9.5\u00a0ml of ropivacaine. The visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and patient satisfaction (SAT) scores were postoperatively checked within 48 h. The plasma interleukin (IL)\u20106, IL\u20108, IL\u20101\u03b2, cortisol, and serotonin levels were also postoperatively measured within 48 h.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Group 1 showed a significantly lower mean VAS (visual analog scale of pain) score 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h after operation, and a significantly higher mean SAT (patient satisfaction) score 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 h after the operation than group 2. Group 1 showed a significantly lower mean plasma IL\u20108 level 1 and 48 h after the operation, and a significantly lower mean IL\u20101\u03b2 level 48 h after the operation than group 2. Group 1 showed a significantly lower mean plasma serotonin level 12 h after the operation than group 2. The mean timing of rebound pain in group 1 was significantly later than that in group 2 (36 h\u2009&gt;\u200923 h,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007). Six patients each in groups 1 and 2 showed rebound pain. The others did not show rebound pain.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ultrasound\u2010guided SSNA and ANB with DEX during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair resulted in a significantly lower mean VAS score and a significantly higher mean SAT score within 48 h after the operation than SSNB and ANB alone. Additionally, SSNB and ANB with DEX tended to result in a later mean timing of rebound pain accompanied by significant changes in IL\u20108, IL\u20101\u03b2, and serotonin levels within 48 h after the operation. The present study could provide the basis for selecting objective parameters of postoperative pain in deciding the optimal use of medication for relieving pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level I.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>2015\u201320, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04398589.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IRB number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>2015\u201320, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-020-06288-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T06:03:47Z","timestamp":1601013827000},"page":"4022-4031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Dexmedetomidine combined with suprascapular nerve block and axillary nerve block has a synergistic effect on relieving postoperative pain after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jae Jun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical College Chuncheon\u2010si Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Do\u2010Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>2<\/label>--> Department of Orthopedic Surgery Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical College 77, Sakju\u2010ro 24253 Chuncheon\u2010si Gangwon\u2010do Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4189-084X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung\u2010Taek","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>2<\/label>--> Department of Orthopedic Surgery Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical College 77, Sakju\u2010ro 24253 Chuncheon\u2010si Gangwon\u2010do Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong\u2010Keun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>3<\/label>--> Department of Pharmacology Hallym University Medical College Chuncheon\u2010si Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han Na","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical College Chuncheon\u2010si Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Su","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical College Chuncheon\u2010si Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang\u2010Soo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>2<\/label>--> Department of Orthopedic Surgery Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical College 77, Sakju\u2010ro 24253 Chuncheon\u2010si Gangwon\u2010do Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Mi","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Chuncheon Sacred Heart 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