{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T03:14:53Z","timestamp":1793330093758,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602806400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"KAKENHI from grants\u2013in\u2013aid for scientific research in Japan society for the promotion of science"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knee surg. sports traumatol. arthrosc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Whether the inclined articular surface on the medial proximal tibia and the external knee adduction moment (KAM) correlate remains unclear. The hypothesis was that a steeper inclined articular surface correlated with a larger KAM in advanced knee osteoarthritis (OA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 44 females (non\u2010OA, 9\u00a0knees; early OA, 14\u00a0knees; advanced OA, 21\u00a0knees; mean age, 58\u2009\u00b1\u200916 years) were examined. Three\u2010dimensional (3D) assessment was used on biplanar long\u2010leg radiographs and 3D bone models using a 3D to 2D image registration technique. The approximation plane in the proximal tibia was determined using the least\u2010square method. The joint moments were mathematically calculated in a gait analysis, applying a motion capture system and force plates. The main evaluation parameters were the femorotibial angle (FTA), the coronal inclination of the approximation plane in the medial proximal tibia (coronal inclination), and internal knee joint moments. The KAM means the external moments balanced with the internal knee abduction moments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The advanced OA showed a larger internal abduction moment (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.017) at the loading response than the other groups. The larger FTA and steeper coronal inclination correlated with the larger internal abduction moment (FTA, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; coronal inclination, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003) at the loading response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>As the clinical relevance, the association among the coronal inclination of the medial proximal tibia, lower extremity alignment, and KAM is one of the key factors to help better understand the etiology of knee OA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>III.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-020-06323-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T13:02:35Z","timestamp":1602853355000},"page":"574-583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The medial inclination of the proximal tibia is associated with the external knee adduction moment in advanced varus knee osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2565-0221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoharu","family":"Mochizuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science 1\u2010757 Asahimachi\u2010dori Chuo\u2010ku 951\u20108510 Niigata City Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Go","family":"Omori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>2<\/label>--> Department of Health and Sports, Faculty of Health Sciences Niigata University of Health and Welfare Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsutoshi","family":"Nishino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>3<\/label>--> Niigata Institute for Health and Sports Medicine Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaei","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>3<\/label>--> Niigata Institute for Health and Sports Medicine Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Tanifuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science 1\u2010757 Asahimachi\u2010dori Chuo\u2010ku 951\u20108510 Niigata City Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Koga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science 1\u2010757 Asahimachi\u2010dori Chuo\u2010ku 951\u20108510 Niigata City Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>4<\/label>--> Graduate School of Science and Technology Niigata University Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshio","family":"Koga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>5<\/label>--> Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Nioji Onsen Hospital Niigata 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