{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T22:33:53Z","timestamp":1780612433597,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knee surg. sports traumatol. arthrosc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to establish the normal values for knee patellofemoral alignment as measured using 3\u2010dimensional computed tomography (3D CT), to standardize the technique, and to show the inter\u2010 and intra\u2010observer reliability of this measurement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study included 62 asymptomatic volunteers (124\u00a0knees). 3D CT scanning was performed with each volunteer in the supine position with 15\u00b0 of knee flexion, and consistent 3D axial images of the patellofemoral joint were obtained with alignment in the desired stereographic baseline direction in anterior\u2013posterior, lateral, and axial rotations. Two independent observers measured patellofemoral alignment parameters, including the sulcus angle, congruence angle, lateral patellofemoral angle, condyle\u2010patellar angle, and lateral trochlear inclination angle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on 3D CT measurement, the mean values of the parameters were 145.9\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20099.2\u00b0 for the sulcus angle, 12.6\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u200922.6\u00b0 for the congruence angle, 9.2\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20094.6\u00b0 for the lateral patellofemoral angle, 14.1\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20096.4\u00b0 for the condyle\u2010patellar (lateral facets) angle, \u2212 8.5\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20098.4\u00b0 for condyle\u2010patellar (patellar axis) angle, and 16.5\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20096.3\u00b0 for the lateral trochlear inclination angle. A statistically significant difference was observed between men and women in the sulcus and condyle\u2010patellar (patellar axis) angles (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.045, 0.011, respectively). All parameters showed excellent inter\u2010 and intra\u2010observer reliability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The normal values and ranges for patellofemoral alignment parameters were evaluated using 3D CT. The results of this study provide reference information that may facilitate diagnosis and treatment planning of patellofemoral disorders in skeletally mature non\u2010pathologic patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>II<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-021-06624-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T05:17:32Z","timestamp":1622524652000},"page":"1423-1429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Usefulness of three\u2010dimensional computed tomography for patellofemoral measurement"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Ki Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine Asan Foundation, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan 38, Bangdong\u2010gil, Sacheon\u2010Myeon 25440 Gangneung\u2010si Gangwon\u2010do South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5071-6870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong\u2010Kyo","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine Asan Foundation, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan 38, Bangdong\u2010gil, Sacheon\u2010Myeon 25440 Gangneung\u2010si Gangwon\u2010do South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joo\u2010Yul","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine Asan Foundation, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan 38, Bangdong\u2010gil, Sacheon\u2010Myeon 25440 Gangneung\u2010si Gangwon\u2010do South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho Jong","family":"Ra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine Asan Foundation, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan 38, Bangdong\u2010gil, Sacheon\u2010Myeon 25440 Gangneung\u2010si Gangwon\u2010do South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo\u2010Jung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>2<\/label>--> Department of Radiology, College of Medicine Asan Foundation, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan 38, Bangdong\u2010gil, Sacheon\u2010Myeon 25440 Gangneung\u2010si Gangwon\u2010do South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Kyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine Asan Foundation, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan 38, Bangdong\u2010gil, Sacheon\u2010Myeon 25440 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January 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study (IRB number GNAH2017-12-002-0001) was approved by our institutional (Gangneung Asan Hospital) review board.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Voluntary informed consent was required. Plain radiographs of both knees and medical history of all volunteers were checked.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}