{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:08:18Z","timestamp":1792624098447,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633564800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knee surg. sports traumatol. arthrosc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Content validity is the most important property of PROMs. The COSMIN initiative has published guidelines for evaluating the content validity of PROMs, but they have only sparsely been applied to relevant PROMs for musculoskeletal conditions. The aim of this study was to use the COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist to evaluate the content validity of five PROMs, that are highly relevant in musculoskeletal research and used by the arthroscopic surgery community: the modified Harris\u2019 Hip Score (mHHS), the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS), the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee evaluation Form (IKDC\u2010SKF), the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and the Knee Numeric\u2010Entity Evaluation Score ACL (KNEES\u2010ACL).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The development articles for the five PROMs were identified through searches in PubMed and SCOPUS. A literature search was performed to identify additional studies assessing content validity of the PROMs. Additional information, necessary for the assessments, was obtained from the PROM developers after direct request. To evaluate the quality of the development studies and rate the content validity, the COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist was applied to all studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All five development studies were identified. Three subsequent content validity studies were identified, all evaluating KOOS and one also IKDC. One content validity study was of inadequate quality and excluded from further analysis. The development of mHHS, IKDC\u2010SKF, and KOOS was rated inadequate and possess insufficient content validity for their target populations. Due to the irrelevance of multiple items, KOOS was in particular inappropriate to evaluate patients with an ACL injury. The development of HAGOS was also rated inadequate, although the insufficiency aspects can be regarded as minor. KNEES\u2010ACL possessed sufficient content validity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Out of five PROMs, only KNEES\u2010ACL possessed sufficient content validity. Particularly, KOOS should not be used as an outcome for patients with an ACL injury. There is an urgent need for condition\u2010specific PROMs for musculoskeletal conditions, developed with adequate methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>III.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-021-06761-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T14:54:23Z","timestamp":1633618463000},"page":"3602-3615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Four of five frequently used orthopedic PROMs possess inadequate content validity: a COSMIN evaluation of the mHHS, HAGOS, IKDC\u2010SKF, KOOS and KNEES\u2010ACL"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4769-4014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian Fugl","family":"Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Section for Sports Traumatology M51 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Copenhagen University Hospitals Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Section for Sports Traumatology M51 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Copenhagen University Hospitals Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Odgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>2<\/label>--> Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volkert","family":"Siersma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>3<\/label>--> The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan David","family":"Comins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Section for Sports Traumatology M51 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Copenhagen University Hospitals Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"<!--<label>3<\/label>--> The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Brodersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>3<\/label>--> The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"<!--<label>4<\/label>--> Primary Health Care Research Unit Region Zealand Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Rindom","family":"Krogsgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Section for Sports Traumatology M51 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Copenhagen University Hospitals Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02032362"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BrodersenJDL ThorsenH McKennaSWriting health\u2010related items for Rasch models\u2014patient\u2010reported outcome scales for health sciences: from medical paternalism to patient autonomy.Rasch Models Health(2013)10.1002\/9781118574454.ch15","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118574454.ch15"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2000.7683"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13868"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12079"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167\u2010018\u20104961\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512457646"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.17.00114"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167\u2010014\u20103283\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13896"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","unstructured":"HansenCF JensenJ SiersmaV BrodersenJ CominsJD KrogsgaardMRA catalogue of PROMs in sports science\u2014Quality assessment of PROM development and validation. 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These three authors did not participate in the assessment of the PROMs or the discussions related to consensus in the assessments. There are no financial conflicts.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"No approval required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not relevant.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}