{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T12:19:22Z","timestamp":1788956362759,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008375","name":"University of Basel","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008375","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008375","name":"Universit\u00e4t Basel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008375","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knee surg. sports traumatol. arthrosc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to simulate and visualise the influence of the alignment strategy on bone resection in neutral knee phenotypes. It was hypothesised that different amounts of bone resection would be required depending on the alignment strategy chosen. The hypothesis was that by visualising the corresponding bone cuts, it would be possible to assess which of the different alignment strategies required the least change to the soft tissues for the chosen phenotype but still ensured acceptable component alignment and could, therefore, be considered the most ideal alignment strategy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Simulations of the different alignment strategies (mechanical, anatomical, restricted kinematic and unrestricted kinematic) regarding their bone resections were performed on four common exemplary neutral knee phenotypes. <jats:italic>NEU<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>HKA<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>0\u00b0 VAR<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>FMA<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>90\u00b0 VAL<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>TMA<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>90\u00b0, NEU<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>HKA<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>0\u00b0 NEU<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>FMA<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>93\u00b0 NEU<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>TMA<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>87\u00b0, NEU<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>HKA<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>0\u00b0 VAL<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>FMA<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>96\u00b0 NEU<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>TMA<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>87\u00b0 and<\/jats:italic> NEU<jats:sub>HKA<\/jats:sub>0\u00b0 <jats:italic>VAL<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>FMA<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>99\u00b0 VAR<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>TMA<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>84\u00b0.<\/jats:italic> The phenotype system used categorises knees based on overall limb alignment (i.e. hip knee angle) but also considers joint line obliquity (i.e. TKA and FMA) and has been used globally since its introduction in 2019. These simulations are based on long leg weightbearing radiographs. It is assumed that a change of 1\u00b0 in the alignment of the joint line corresponds to correspond to 1\u00a0mm of distal condyle offset.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the most common neutral phenotype <jats:italic>NEU<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>HKA<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>0\u00b0 NEU<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>FMA<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>93\u00b0 NEU<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>TMA<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>87\u00b0<\/jats:italic>, with a prevalence of 30%, bone cuts remain below 4\u00a0mm regardless of alignment strategy. The greatest changes in the obliquity of the joint line can be expected for the mechanical alignment of the phenotype <jats:italic>NEU<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>HKA<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>0\u00b0 VAL<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>FMA<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>99\u00b0 VAR<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>TMA<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>84\u00b0<\/jats:italic> where the medial tibia is raised by 6\u00a0mm and the lateral femur is shifted distally by 9\u00a0mm. In contrast, the <jats:italic>NEU<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>HKA<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>0\u00b0 VAR<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>FMA<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>90\u00b0 VAL<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>TMA<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>90\u00b0<\/jats:italic> phenotype requires no change in joint line obliquity if the mechanical alignment strategy is used.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Illustrations of alignment strategies help the treating surgeon to estimate the postoperative joint line obliquity. When considering the alignment strategy, it seems reasonable to prefer a strategy where the joint line obliquity is changed as little as possible. Although for the most common neutral knee phenotype the choice of alignment strategy seems to be of negligible importance, in general, even for neutral phenotypes, large differences in bone cuts can be observed depending on the choice of alignment strategy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-022-07209-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T07:06:34Z","timestamp":1667459194000},"page":"1267-1275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["The impact of different alignment strategies on bone cuts for neutral knee phenotypes in total knee arthroplasty"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Benjamin L.","family":"Schelker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--<label>1<\/label>--> Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology Head Knee Surgery and DKF Head of Research, Kantonsspital Baselland Bruderholz 4101 Bottmingen Switzerland"},{"name":"<!--<label>2<\/label>--> Department of Clinical Research, Regenerative Medicine &amp; Biomechanics Research Group Michael T. 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