{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T18:52:31Z","timestamp":1766515951077,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695945600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013956","name":"Aard- en Levenswetenschappen, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Geod"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>All realizations of the European Vertical Reference System (EVRS) computed so far are solely based on geopotential differences obtained by spirit leveling\/gravimetry. As such, there are no direct connections between height benchmarks separated by large water bodies. In this study, such connections are added by means of model-based hydrodynamic leveling resulting in a new, yet unofficial realization of the EVRS. The model-derived mean water levels used in computing the hydrodynamic leveling connections were obtained from the Nemo-Nordic (Baltic Sea) and 3D DCSM-FM (northwest European continental shelf) hydrodynamic models. The impact of model-based hydrodynamic leveling on the European Vertical Reference Frame is significant, especially for France and Great Britain. Compared to a solution which only uses spirit leveling\/gravimetry, the differences in these countries reach tens to hundreds of $$\\hbox {kgal}\\, \\hbox {mm}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n kgal<\/mml:mtext>\n \n mm<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>. We also observed an improved agreement with normal heights obtained by differencing GNSS and the European gravimetric quasi-geoid 2015 (EGG2015) heights. In Great Britain, the south-north slope of 48\u00a0mm\u00a0$$\\hbox {deg}^{-1}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n deg<\/mml:mtext>\n \n -<\/mml:mo>\n 1<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> present in the solution which uses only spirit leveling\/gravimetry data reduced to 2.2\u00a0mm\u00a0$$\\hbox {deg}^{-1}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n deg<\/mml:mtext>\n \n -<\/mml:mo>\n 1<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>. In France, the improvement is confined to the southwest. The choice of the period over which water levels are averaged has an impact on the results as it determines, among others, the set of tide gauges available to establish the hydrodynamic leveling connections. When using an averaging period that can be considered as the least preferred choice based on three established criteria, the positive impact for France has gone. For Great Britain, the estimated south-north slope became 12.6\u00a0mm\u00a0$$\\hbox {deg}^{-1}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n deg<\/mml:mtext>\n \n -<\/mml:mo>\n 1<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>. This is larger than the slope obtained using the most preferred averaging period but still substantially lower compared to the slope associated with a solution that uses only spirit leveling\/gravimetry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-023-01778-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T08:02:02Z","timestamp":1695974522000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Realizing the European Vertical Reference System using model-based hydrodynamic leveling data"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6858-2591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Y.","family":"Afrasteh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. C.","family":"Slobbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Sacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Verlaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Jahanmard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Klees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Guarneri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Keyzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Pietrzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Snellen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Zijl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"1778_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-021-01543-3","author":"Y Afrasteh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Afrasteh Y, Slobbe DC, Verlaan M, Sacher M, Klees R, Guarneri H, Keyzer L, Pietrzak J, Snellen M, Zijl F (2021) The potential impact of hydrodynamic leveling on the quality of the European vertical reference frame. J Geodesy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00190-021-01543-3","journal-title":"J Geodesy"},{"issue":"1","key":"1778_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-022-01694-x","volume":"97","author":"Y Afrasteh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Afrasteh Y, Slobbe DC, Verlaan M, Sacher M, Klees R, Guarneri H, Keyzer L, Pietrzak J, Snellen M, Zijl F (2023) An empirical noise model for the benefit of model-based hydrodynamic leveling. J Geodesy 97(1):1\u201321","journal-title":"J Geodesy"},{"issue":"1","key":"1778_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-015-0855-8","volume":"90","author":"B Amjadiparvar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Amjadiparvar B, Rangelova E, Sideris MG (2015) The GBVP approach for vertical datum unification: recent results in North America. J Geodesy 90(1):45\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00190-015-0855-8","journal-title":"J Geodesy"},{"issue":"1","key":"1778_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-008-0232-y","volume":"83","author":"MJ Amos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Amos MJ, Featherstone WE (2008) Unification of New Zealand\u2019s local vertical datums: iterative gravimetric quasigeoid computations. J Geodesy 83(1):57\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00190-008-0232-y","journal-title":"J Geodesy"},{"issue":"1","key":"1778_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24,220","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v68.24220","volume":"68","author":"L Axell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Axell L, Liu Y (2016) Application of 3-D ensemble variational data assimilation to a Baltic Sea reanalysis 1989\u20132013. Tellus A: Dyn Meteorol Oceanog 68(1):24,220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/tellusa.v68.24220","journal-title":"Tellus A: Dyn Meteorol Oceanog"},{"issue":"3","key":"1778_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02520327","volume":"59","author":"A Bjerhammar","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bjerhammar A (1985) On a relativistic geodesy. Bull g\u00e9od\u00e9sique 59(3):207\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02520327","journal-title":"Bull g\u00e9od\u00e9sique"},{"key":"1778_CR7","volume-title":"Standards and specifications for geodetic control networks","author":"JD Bossler","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bossler JD (1984) Standards and specifications for geodetic control networks. National Geodetic Information Branch, NOAA, FGCC"},{"key":"1778_CR8","unstructured":"Codiga DL (2020) UTide unified tidal analysis and prediction functions. https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/matlabcentral\/fileexchange\/46523-utide-unified-tidal-analysis-and-prediction-functions"},{"key":"1778_CR9","volume-title":"Residuals and influence in regression","author":"RD Cook","year":"1982","unstructured":"Cook RD, Weisberg S (1982) Residuals and influence in regression. Chapman and Hall, New York"},{"key":"1778_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Denker H (2013) Regional gravity field modeling: theory and practical results. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 185\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-28000-9_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-28000-9_5"},{"key":"1778_CR11","unstructured":"Denker H (2015) A new European Gravimetric (Quasi)Geoid EGG2015. 26th IUGG General Assembly, June 22\u2013July 2, Prague, Czech Republic"},{"issue":"5","key":"1778_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-017-1075-1","volume":"92","author":"H Denker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Denker H, Timmen L, Voigt C, Weyers S, Peik E, Margolis HS, Delva P, Wolf P, Petit G (2018) Geodetic methods to determine the relativistic redshift at the level of $$10^{-18}$$ in the context of international timescales: a review and practical results. J Geodesy 92(5):487\u2013516","journal-title":"J Geodesy"},{"key":"1778_CR13","unstructured":"Duquenne F, Coulomb A, L\u00c9cu F (2015) French approach to modernize its vertical reference system, FIG Working Week 2015, Sofia, Bulgaria, 17\u201321 May 2015. http:\/\/www.fig.net\/resources\/proceedings\/fig_proceedings\/fig2015\/papers\/ts06g\/TS06G_duquenne_coulomb_et_al_7676.pdf"},{"key":"1778_CR14","unstructured":"Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy (2022a) EVRF2019. https:\/\/evrs.bkg.bund.de\/Subsites\/EVRS\/EN\/EVRF2019\/evrf2019.html. Accessed 16 Nov 2022"},{"key":"1778_CR15","unstructured":"Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy (2022b) Height datum relations. https:\/\/evrs.bkg.bund.de\/Subsites\/EVRS\/EN\/Projects\/HeightDatumRel\/height-datum-rel.html. Accessed 16 November 2022"},{"issue":"8","key":"1778_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-010-0388-0","volume":"84","author":"MS Filmer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Filmer MS, Featherstone WE, Kuhn M (2010) The effect of egm2008-based normal, normal-orthometric and Helmert orthometric height systems on the Australian levelling network. J Geodesy 84(8):501\u2013513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00190-010-0388-0","journal-title":"J Geodesy"},{"issue":"1","key":"1778_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-012-0579-y","volume":"87","author":"C Gerlach","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gerlach C, Rummel R (2012) Global height system unification with GOCE: a simulation study on the indirect bias term in the GBVP approach. J Geodesy 87(1):57\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00190-012-0579-y","journal-title":"J Geodesy"},{"key":"1778_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heck B, Rummel R (1990) Strategies for solving the vertical datum problem using terrestrial and Satellite Geodetic Data. In: Sea surface topography and the geoid. Springer, New York, pp 116\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4684-7098-7_14","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-7098-7_14"},{"key":"1778_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2004.01989.x","volume":"157","author":"R Hipkin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hipkin R, Haines K, Beggan C, Bingley R, Hernandez F, Holt J, Baker T (2004) The geoid EDIN2000 and mean sea surface topography around the British Isles. Geophys J Int 157:565\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2004.01989.x","journal-title":"Geophys J Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"1778_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6653","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC010642","volume":"120","author":"R Hordoir","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hordoir R, Axell L, L\u00f6ptien U, Dietze H, Kuznetsov I (2015) Influence of sea level rise on the dynamics of salt inflows in the Baltic Sea. J Geophys Res: Oceans 120(10):6653\u20136668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2014JC010642","journal-title":"J Geophys Res: Oceans"},{"issue":"1","key":"1778_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-12-363-2019","volume":"12","author":"R Hordoir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hordoir R, Axell L, H\u00f6glund A, Dieterich C, Fransner F, Gr\u00f6ger M, Liu Y, Pemberton P, Schimanke S, Andersson H et al (2019) Nemo-Nordic 1.0: a NEMO-based ocean model for the Baltic and North seas-research and operational applications. Geosci Model Develop 12(1):363\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/gmd-12-363-2019","journal-title":"Geosci Model Develop"},{"key":"1778_CR22","first-page":"132","volume":"61","author":"J Ihde","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ihde J, Adam J, Gurtner W, Harsson BG, Sacher M, Schl\u00fcter W, W\u00f6ppelmann G (2000) The height solution of the European vertical reference network (EUVN). Ver\u00f6ff Bayer Komm f\u00fcr die Internat Erdmessung, Astronom Geod Arb 61:132\u2013145","journal-title":"Ver\u00f6ff Bayer Komm f\u00fcr die Internat Erdmessung, Astronom Geod Arb"},{"key":"1778_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ihde J, Augath W, Sacher M (2002) The Vertical Reference System for Europe. In: International Association of Geodesy Symposia. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 345\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-04683-8_64","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-04683-8_64"},{"key":"1778_CR24","unstructured":"Ihde J, M\u00e4kinen J, Sacher M (2008) Conventions for the definition and realization of a European Vertical Reference System (EVRS)\u2014EVRS Conventions 2007. EVRS Conv, pp 1\u201310"},{"issue":"104","key":"1778_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2021.104421","volume":"222","author":"V Jahanmard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jahanmard V, Delpeche-Ellmann N, Ellmann A (2021) Realistic dynamic topography through coupling geoid and hydrodynamic models of the Baltic Sea. Cont Shelf Res 222(104):421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csr.2021.104421","journal-title":"Cont Shelf Res"},{"issue":"102","key":"1778_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocemod.2022.102124","volume":"180","author":"V Jahanmard","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jahanmard V, Delpeche-Ellmann N, Ellmann A (2022) Towards realistic dynamic topography from coast to offshore by incorporating hydrodynamic and geoid models. Ocean Model 180(102):124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ocemod.2022.102124","journal-title":"Ocean Model"},{"key":"1778_CR27","unstructured":"Kenyeres A, Sacher M, Ihde J, Denker H, Marti U (2010) EUVN densification action\u2014final report. Tech. rep., EUVN_DA Working Group, https:\/\/evrs.bkg.bund.de\/SharedDocs\/Downloads\/EVRS\/EN\/Publications\/EUVN-DA_FinalReport.pdf?__blob=publicationFile &v=1. Accessed 6 Oct 2022"},{"key":"1778_CR28","unstructured":"Madec G, Bourdall\u00e9-Badie R, Bouttier PA, Bricaud C, Bruciaferri D, Calvert D, Chanut J, Clementi E, Coward A, Delrosso D, et\u00a0al (2016) NEMO ocean engine. Tech. rep., Notes du P\u00f4le de mod\u00e9lisation de l\u2019Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL), (27). ISSN 1288-1619"},{"key":"1778_CR29","unstructured":"Mayer-G\u00fcrr T (2015) The combined satellite gravity field model GOCO05s. In: EGU general assembly conference abstracts, p 12364"},{"issue":"1","key":"1778_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s001900050278","volume":"74","author":"H Moritz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Moritz H (2000) Geodetic reference system 1980. J Geod 74(1):128\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s001900050278","journal-title":"J Geod"},{"issue":"2","key":"1778_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggt161","volume":"194","author":"NT Penna","year":"2013","unstructured":"Penna NT, Featherstone WE, Gazeaux J, Bingham RJ (2013) The apparent British sea slope is caused by systematic errors in the levelling-based vertical datum. Geophys J Int 194(2):772\u2013786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gji\/ggt161","journal-title":"Geophys J Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"1778_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-259X(71)90001-7","volume":"1","author":"C Rao","year":"1971","unstructured":"Rao C (1971) Estimation of variance and covariance components-minque theory. J Multiv Anal 1(3):257\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0047-259X(71)90001-7","journal-title":"J Multiv Anal"},{"issue":"424","key":"1778_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1993.10476408","volume":"88","author":"PJ Rousseeuw","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rousseeuw PJ, Croux C (1993) Alternatives to the median absolute deviation. J Am Stat Assoc 88(424):1273\u20131283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01621459.1993.10476408","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"1778_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.2478\/v10156-011-0048-1","volume":"2","author":"A R\u00fclke","year":"2012","unstructured":"R\u00fclke A, Liebsch G, Sacher M, Sch\u00e4fer U, Schirmer U, Ihde J (2012) Unification of European height system realizations. J Geod Sci 2(4):343\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/v10156-011-0048-1","journal-title":"J Geod Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1778_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02520239","volume":"62","author":"R Rummel","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rummel R, Teunissen P (1988) Height datum definition, height datum connection and the role of the geodetic boundary value problem. Bulletin G\u00e9od\u00e9sique 62(4):477\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02520239","journal-title":"Bulletin G\u00e9od\u00e9sique"},{"key":"1778_CR36","unstructured":"Sacher M, Liebsch G (2019) EVRF2019 as new realization of EVRS. https:\/\/evrs.bkg.bund.de\/SharedDocs\/Downloads\/EVRS\/EN\/Publications\/EVRF2019_FinalReport.pdf?__blob=publicationFile &v=2"},{"issue":"2","key":"1778_CR37","first-page":"570","volume":"209","author":"L S\u00e1nchez","year":"2017","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez L, Sideris MG (2017) Vertical datum unification for the international height reference system (IHRS). Geophys J Int 209(2):570\u2013586","journal-title":"Geophys J Int"},{"key":"1778_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Slobbe DC, Klees R, Verlaan M, Zijl F, Alberts B, Farahani HH (2018) Height system connection between island and mainland using a hydrodynamic model: a case study connecting the Dutch Wadden islands to the Amsterdam ordnance datum (NAP). J Geod 92(12):1439\u20131456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00190-018-1133-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-018-1133-3"},{"key":"1778_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Slobbe DC, Klees R, Farahani HH, Huisman L, Alberts B, Voet P, De Doncker F (2019) The impact of noise in a GRACE\/GOCE global gravity model on a local quasi-geoid. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth 124(3):3219\u20133237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2018jb016470","DOI":"10.1029\/2018jb016470"},{"key":"1778_CR40","unstructured":"Tonani M, Ascione I (2021) Product user manual: ocean physical and biogeochemical reanalysis NWSHELF_MULTIYEAR_PHY_004_009 NWSHELF_MULTIYEAR_BGC_004_011. https:\/\/catalogue.marine.copernicus.eu\/documents\/PUM\/CMEMS-NWS-PUM-004-009-011.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"1778_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1029\/RG018i002p00505","volume":"18","author":"P Van\u00ed\u010dek","year":"1980","unstructured":"Van\u00ed\u010dek P, Castle RO, Balazs EI (1980) Geodetic leveling and its applications. Rev Geophys 18(2):505\u2013524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/RG018i002p00505","journal-title":"Rev Geophys"},{"key":"1778_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vest\u00f8l O, \u00c5gren J, Steffen H, Kierulf H, Tarasov L (2019) NKG2016LU: a new land uplift model for Fennoscandia and the Baltic Region. J Geodesy 93(9):1759\u20131779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00190-019-01280-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-019-01280-8"},{"issue":"3","key":"1778_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-011-0506-7","volume":"86","author":"YM Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang YM, Saleh J, Li X, Roman DR (2012) The US Gravimetric Geoid of 2009 (USGG2009): model development and evaluation. J Geodesy 86(3):165\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00190-011-0506-7","journal-title":"J Geodesy"},{"issue":"3","key":"1778_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggy508","volume":"216","author":"H Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu H, M\u00fcller J, L\u00e4mmerzahl C (2018) Clock networks for height system unification: a simulation study. Geophys J Int 216(3):1594\u20131607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gji\/ggy508","journal-title":"Geophys J Int"},{"key":"1778_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JB004959","author":"MK Ziebart","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ziebart MK, Iliffe JC, Forsberg R, Strykowski G (2008) Convergence of the UK OSGM05 GRACE-based geoid and the UK fundamental benchmark network. J Geophys: Res Solid Earth. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2007JB004959","journal-title":"J Geophys: Res Solid Earth"},{"key":"1778_CR46","unstructured":"Zijl F, Laan S, Groenenboom J (2020) Development of a 3D model for the NW European Shelf (3D DCSM-FM). https:\/\/www.deltares.nl\/app\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Development-of-a-3D-model-for-the-NW-European-Shelf-3D-DCSM-FM.pdf"}],"container-title":["Journal of Geodesy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00190-023-01778-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00190-023-01778-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00190-023-01778-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T20:01:31Z","timestamp":1699473691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00190-023-01778-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1778"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00190-023-01778-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0949-7714","1432-1394"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0949-7714"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1432-1394"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 December 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 September 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"86"}}