{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T04:09:10Z","timestamp":1782792550321,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,7]],"date-time":"2019-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,7]],"date-time":"2019-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"Maren Foundation","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of child health and development","award":["R01HD060712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD060712"]}]},{"name":"Johns Hopkins University Center for Global Health","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Urogynecol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-019-04129-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,7]],"date-time":"2019-12-07T05:05:41Z","timestamp":1575695141000},"page":"1851-1858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Prevalence of symptomatic urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse among women in rural Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3402-7714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi Chiung Grace","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea M.","family":"Avondstondt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subarna K.","family":"Khatry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meeta","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Klasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven C.","family":"LeClerq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Tielsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke C.","family":"Mullany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"4129_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2009.08.002","volume":"36","author":"VW Sung","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sung VW, Hampton BS. Epidemiology of pelvic floor dysfunction. Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am. 2009;36(3):421\u201343.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am"},{"key":"4129_CR2","unstructured":"2017 World Population Data Sheet [Internet]. [cited 2017 Sept 12]. Available from: http:\/\/www.prb.org\/pdf17\/2017_World_Population.pdf."},{"issue":"2","key":"4129_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-010-1215-0","volume":"22","author":"GJA Walker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Walker GJA, Gunasekera P. Pelvic organ prolapse and incontinence in developing countries: review of prevalence and risk factors. Int Urogynecol J. 2011;22(2):127\u201335.","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"4129_CR4","unstructured":"The World Bank [Internet]. GNI per capita, Atlas method. [cited 2017 Sep 8]. Available from: http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD."},{"key":"4129_CR5","unstructured":"The DHS Program - Quality information to plan, monitor and improve population, health, and nutrition programs [Internet]. [cited 2018 Mar 22]. Available from: https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/."},{"issue":"6","key":"4129_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14202","volume":"124","author":"C Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen C, Barry D, Khatry SK, Klasen EM, Singh M, LeClerq SC, et al. Validation of an obstetric fistula screening questionnaire in rural Nepal: a community-based cross-sectional and nested case-control study with clinical examination. BJOG. 2017;124(6):955\u201364.","journal-title":"BJOG."},{"issue":"2","key":"4129_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/qaj.330","volume":"9","author":"B T\u00f6nshoff","year":"2005","unstructured":"T\u00f6nshoff B. Ethical conduct of clinical research involving children. Marilyn J. field and Richard E. Behrman for the committee on clinical research involving children of the Institute of Medicine, the National Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA, 2004, 425 pp., USD 47.95, ISBN 0-309-09181-0. Qual Assur J. 2005;9(2):146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/qaj.330.","journal-title":"Qual Assur J"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"4129_CR8","first-page":"43","volume":"11","author":"A McNary","year":"2014","unstructured":"McNary A. Consent to treatment of minors. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2014;11(3\u20134):43\u20135.","journal-title":"Innov Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"4129_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(94)00147-I","volume":"48","author":"H Sandvik","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sandvik H, Hunskaar S, Vanvik A, Bratt H, Seim A, Hermstad R. Diagnostic classification of female urinary incontinence: an epidemiological survey corrected for validity. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995;48:339\u201343.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4129_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.02.050","volume":"195","author":"MD Barber","year":"2006","unstructured":"Barber MD, Neubauer NL, Klein-Olarte V. Can we screen for pelvicorgan prolapse without a physical examination in epidemiologic studies? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195:942\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4129_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2012.05.031","volume":"119","author":"Y-S Lien","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lien Y-S, Chen G-D, Ng S-C. Prevalence of and risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse and lower urinary tract symptoms among women in rural Nepal. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012;119(2):185\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"1","key":"4129_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"S Gautam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gautam S, Adhikari RK, Dangol A. Associated factors for uterine prolapse. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2012;10(1):1\u20134.","journal-title":"J Nepal Health Res Counc"},{"issue":"11","key":"4129_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.11.1311","volume":"300","author":"I Nygaard","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nygaard I, Barber MD, Burgio KL, Kenton K, Meikle S, Schaffer J, et al. Prevalence of symptomatic pelvic floor disorders in US women. JAMA. 2008;300(11):1311\u20136.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"11","key":"4129_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-007-0331-y","volume":"18","author":"B Bodner-Adler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bodner-Adler B, Shrivastava C, Bodner K. Risk factors for uterine prolapse in Nepal. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2007;18(11):1343\u20136.","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"issue":"2","key":"4129_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12168","volume":"40","author":"S Thapa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thapa S, Angdembe M, Chauhan D, Joshi R. Determinants of pelvic organ prolapse among the women of the western part of Nepal: a case-control study. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2014;40(2):515\u201320.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"4129_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2009.02311.x","volume":"16","author":"R Onur","year":"2009","unstructured":"Onur R, Deveci SE, Rahman S, Sevindik F, Acik Y. Prevalence and risk factors of female urinary incontinence in eastern Turkey. Int J Urol. 2009;16(6):566\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"4129_CR17","unstructured":"Incontinence: 5th International Consultation on Incontinence, Paris, February 2012. 2013. 1981 p. 15\u2013107."},{"issue":"6","key":"4129_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.123819","volume":"186","author":"SL Hendrix","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hendrix SL, Clark A, Nygaard I, Aragaki A, Barnabei V, McTiernan A. Pelvic organ prolapse in the Women\u2019s health initiative: gravity and gravidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186(6):1160\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4129_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000057","volume":"123","author":"JM Wu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wu JM, Vaughan CP, Goode PS, Redden DT, Burgio KL, Richter HE, et al. Prevalence and trends of symptomatic pelvic floor disorders in US women. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123(1):141\u20138.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4129_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22564","volume":"34","author":"AM Suskind","year":"2015","unstructured":"Suskind AM, Dunn RL, Morgan DM, DeLancey JOL, Rew KT, Wei JT. A screening tool for clinically relevant urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2015;34(4):332\u20135.","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"6","key":"4129_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000218096.54169.34","volume":"107","author":"ES Lukacz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lukacz ES, Lawrence JM, Contreras R, Nager CW, Luber KM. Parity, mode of delivery, and pelvic floor disorders. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107(6):1253\u201360.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4129_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.02.050","volume":"195","author":"MD Barber","year":"2006","unstructured":"Barber MD, Neubauer NL, Klein-Olarte V. Can we screen for pelvic organ prolapse without a physical examination in epidemiologic studies? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(4):942\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4129_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000180183.03897.72","volume":"106","author":"CS Bradley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bradley CS, Nygaard IE. Vaginal wall descensus and pelvic floor symptoms in older women. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106(4):759\u201366.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4129_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00698-7","volume":"189","author":"SE Swift","year":"2003","unstructured":"Swift SE, Tate SB, Nicholas J. Correlation of symptoms with degree of pelvic organ support in a general population of women: what is pelvic organ prolapse? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189(2):372\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4129_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70203-6","volume":"180","author":"EC Samuelsson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Samuelsson EC, Arne Victor FT, Tibblin G, Sv\u00e4rdsudd KF. Signs of genital prolapse in a Swedish population of women 20 to 59 years of age and possible related factors. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180(2):299\u2013305.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4129_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1994.tb04954.x","volume":"42","author":"KL Burgio","year":"1994","unstructured":"Burgio KL, Ives DG, Locher JL, Arena VC, Kuller LH. Treatment seeking for urinary incontinence in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994;42(2):208\u201312.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"857","key":"4129_CR27","first-page":"756","volume":"101","author":"K Holst","year":"1988","unstructured":"Holst K, Wilson PD. The prevalence of female urinary incontinence and reasons for not seeking treatment. N Z Med J. 1988;101(857):756\u20138.","journal-title":"N Z Med J"}],"container-title":["International Urogynecology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00192-019-04129-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00192-019-04129-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00192-019-04129-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,6]],"date-time":"2020-12-06T00:29:51Z","timestamp":1607214591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00192-019-04129-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,7]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["4129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00192-019-04129-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-3462","1433-3023"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-3462","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-3023","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 May 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"IRB approval was obtained both from Johns Hopkins School of Public Health (Baltimore, MD, USA, IRB no. 00002572) and the Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University (Kathmandu, Nepal), on 27 January 2010.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics committee approval"}},{"value":"None.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}