{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:15:31Z","timestamp":1786979731745,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752883200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DK124599"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK124599"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 OD010957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 OD010957"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007154","name":"Wake Forest University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007154","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Urogynecol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction and Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is significant variation in interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome (IC\/BPS) biopsy processing and reporting. The objective of this study was to review pathology reports from a large IC\/BPS patient cohort to identify differences in findings. We hypothesize that variation in IC\/BPS bladder biopsy reporting might be most frequent when it comes to mast-cell counts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed a retrospective analysis of 461 diagnostic pathology reports collected from our IRB-approved prospective study of patients diagnosed with IC\/BPS at the Urology Clinic at Wake Forest Baptist Hospital from October 2011 to July 2023 (IRB00018552). Data were assigned as continuous or categorical variables. Groups were compared using Student\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      test, Mann\u2013Whitney, or Chi-squared tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Staining strategy for mast-cell visualization differed between pathologists and included in order of frequency mast-cell tryptase (TPSAB1), CD117 (KIT), unspecified stain, a combination of stains, and toluidine blue. Mast-cell count was reported as a single number, range, or qualitatively. Pathologists used units of high-powered field (HPF), mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , or did not specify. As expected, average mast-cell count per HPF was significantly lower than per mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      across all stains (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Average count with KIT was significantly lower than TPSAB1 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). This trend remained significant when considering only KIT and TPSAB1 counts per HPF (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0007). Additionally, reports identified squamous metaplasia, acute inflammation, and\/or chronic inflammation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a lack of standardization regarding histological analysis of bladder biopsies from patients with IC\/BPS, leading to inconsistent data and confusion surrounding the significance of pathology report findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-025-06213-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T11:34:29Z","timestamp":1752924869000},"page":"2305-2312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mast Cells and Interstitial Cystitis\/Bladder Pain Syndrome Revisited"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Hannah","family":"Ruetten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rory","family":"Ritts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Namugosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wencheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gopal","family":"Badlani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"6213_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.01.086","volume":"193","author":"PM Hanno","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hanno PM, Erickson D, Moldwin R, Faraday MM, American Urological A. Diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome: AUA guideline amendment. J Urol. 2015;193(5):1545\u201353.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6213_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000002756","volume":"208","author":"JQ Clemens","year":"2022","unstructured":"Clemens JQ, Erickson DR, Varela NP, Lai HH. Diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome. J Urol. 2022;208(1):34\u201342.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6213_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.03.132","volume":"186","author":"SH Berry","year":"2011","unstructured":"Berry SH, Elliott MN, Suttorp M, Bogart LM, Stoto MA, Eggers P, et al. Prevalence of symptoms of bladder pain syndrome\/interstitial cystitis among adult females in the United States. J Urol. 2011;186(2):540\u20134.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6213_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1982.tb06976.x","volume":"54","author":"S Larsen","year":"1982","unstructured":"Larsen S, Thompson SA, Hald T, Barnard RJ, Gilpin CJ, Dixon JS, et al. Mast cells in interstitial cystitis. Br J Urol. 1982;54(3):283\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6213_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1983.tb03356.x","volume":"55","author":"J Kastrup","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kastrup J, Hald T, Larsen S, Nielsen VG. Histamine content and mast cell count of detrusor muscle in patients with interstitial cystitis and other types of chronic cystitis. Br J Urol. 1983;55(5):495\u2013500.","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6213_CR6","first-page":"411","volume":"58","author":"F Aldenborg","year":"1986","unstructured":"Aldenborg F, Fall M, Enerback L. Proliferation and transepithelial migration of mucosal mast cells in interstitial cystitis. Immunology. 1986;58(3):411\u20136.","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"6213_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199301283280408","volume":"328","author":"SJ Galli","year":"1993","unstructured":"Galli SJ. New concepts about the mast cell. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(4):257\u201365.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"6213_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-019-08769-2","volume":"58","author":"D Elieh Ali Komi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elieh Ali Komi D, Wohrl S, Bielory L. Mast cell biology at molecular level: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2020;58(3):342\u201365.","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"6213_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2017-204881","volume":"71","author":"ST Malik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Malik ST, Birch BR, Voegeli D, Fader M, Foria V, Cooper AJ, et al. Distribution of mast cell subtypes in interstitial cystitis: implications for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies? J Clin Pathol. 2018;71(9):840\u20134.","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6213_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042326","volume":"25","author":"E Mormone","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mormone E, Cisternino A, Capone L, Caradonna E, Sbarbati A. The model of interstitial cystitis for evaluating new molecular strategies of interstitial regeneration in humans. Int J Mol Sci 2024;25(4):2326.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"6 Suppl 1","key":"6213_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(01)01129-3","volume":"57","author":"TC Theoharides","year":"2001","unstructured":"Theoharides TC, Kempuraj D, Sant GR. Mast cell involvement in interstitial cystitis: a review of human and experimental evidence. Urology. 2001;57(6 Suppl 1):47\u201355.","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"5","key":"6213_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1991.tb15388.x","volume":"68","author":"TJ Christmas","year":"1991","unstructured":"Christmas TJ, Rode J. Characteristics of mast cells in normal bladder, bacterial cystitis and interstitial cystitis. Br J Urol. 1991;68(5):473\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6213_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)42981-8","volume":"138","author":"JT Feltis","year":"1987","unstructured":"Feltis JT, Perez-Marrero R, Emerson LE. Increased mast cells of the bladder in suspected cases of interstitial cystitis: a possible disease marker. J Urol. 1987;138(1):42\u20133.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6213_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1159\/000235190","volume":"92","author":"TC Theoharides","year":"1990","unstructured":"Theoharides TC, Flaris N, Cronin CT, Ucci A, Meares E. Mast cell activation in sterile bladder and prostate inflammation. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1990;92(3):281\u20136.","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6213_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s001920050080","volume":"11","author":"M Hohenfellner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hohenfellner M, Black P, Linn JF, Dahms SE, Thuroff JW. Surgical treatment of interstitial cystitis in women. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2000;11(2):113\u20139.","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"issue":"2","key":"6213_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2017.02.022","volume":"198","author":"SJ Walker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Walker SJ, Zambon J, Andersson KE, Langefeld CD, Matthews CA, Badlani G, et al. Bladder capacity is a biomarker for a bladder centric versus systemic manifestation in interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome. J Urol. 2017;198(2):369\u201375.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"6 Suppl 1","key":"6213_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(01)01166-9","volume":"57","author":"JE Tomaszewski","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tomaszewski JE, Landis JR, Russack V, Williams TM, Wang LP, Hardy C, et al. Biopsy features are associated with primary symptoms in interstitial cystitis: results from the interstitial cystitis database study. Urology. 2001;57(6 Suppl 1):67\u201381.","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"1","key":"6213_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1159\/000487538","volume":"176","author":"D Ribatti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ribatti D. The staining of mast cells: a historical overview. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2018;176(1):55\u201360.","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6213_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1177\/002215540305100510","volume":"51","author":"JC Qi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Qi JC, Li L, Li Y, Moore K, Madigan MC, Katsoulotos G, et al. An antibody raised against in vitro-derived human mast cells identifies mature mast cells and a population of cells that are Fc\u03b5RI+, tryptase\u2212, and chymase\u2212 in a variety of human tissues. J Histochem Cytochem. 2003;51(5):643\u201353.","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"6213_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13235","volume":"71","author":"A Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim A, Han JY, Ryu CM, Yu HY, Lee S, Kim Y, et al. Histopathological characteristics of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome without Hunner lesion. Histopathology. 2017;71(3):415\u201324.","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"6213_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67873-1","volume":"163","author":"R Peeker","year":"2000","unstructured":"Peeker R, Enerback L, Fall M, Aldenborg F. Recruitment, distribution and phenotypes of mast cells in interstitial cystitis. J Urol. 2000;163(3):1009\u201315.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"6213_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13972","volume":"26","author":"A Furuta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Furuta A, Suzuki Y, Igarashi T, Koike Y, Kimura T, Egawa S, et al. Angiogenesis in bladder tissues is strongly correlated with urinary frequency and bladder pain in patients with interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome. Int J Urol. 2019;26(Suppl 1):35\u201340.","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"6213_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2016.08.029","volume":"98","author":"JF Jhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jhang JF, Hsu YH, Kuo HC. Urothelial functional protein and sensory receptors in patients with interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome with and without Hunner\u2019s lesion. Urology. 2016;98:44\u20139.","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"2","key":"6213_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23365","volume":"37","author":"Y Akiyama","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akiyama Y, Maeda D, Morikawa T, Niimi A, Nomiya A, Yamada Y, et al. Digital quantitative analysis of mast cell infiltration in interstitial cystitis. Neurourol Urodyn. 2018;37(2):650\u20137.","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"}],"container-title":["International Urogynecology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00192-025-06213-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00192-025-06213-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00192-025-06213-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T09:06:40Z","timestamp":1765012000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00192-025-06213-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["6213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00192-025-06213-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-3462","1433-3023"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-3462","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-3023","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study involves human participants, was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Wake Forest Baptist Hospital (protocol code IRB00018552).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"None.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}