{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:15:31Z","timestamp":1786979731988,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pamukkale University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Urogynecol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction and Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to compare the efficacy of magnetic stimulation (MStim) and transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (TTNS), both combined with bladder training (BT), in women with idiopathic overactive bladder (iOAB).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women with iOAB were randomized into three groups: group 1 received BT only; group 2 received MStim plus BT; and group 3 received TTNS plus BT. MStim and TTNS were administered twice weekly, 30\u00a0min per session, for a total of 12 sessions over 6\u00a0weeks. The primary outcome was the positive response rate, defined as\u2009\u2265\u200950% fewer incontinence episodes, measured via a 3-day bladder diary at 6\u00a0weeks. Seconder outcomes included incontinence severity (pad test), voiding frequency, incontinence episodes, nocturia, number of pads used, symptom severity (OAB-V8), QoL (IIQ-7).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      According to the sample size calculation, 66 women were included in the study, with 22 assigned to each group. The three groups were comparable in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics. The positive response rate (primary outcome) was significantly higher in groups 2 and 3 compared to group 1 at week 6 (66.7% and 90.5% vs. 35.0%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), with no significant difference between groups 2 and 3 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.130). Both stimulation groups (each\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200921) demonstrated significant improvements in incontinence severity, incontinence episodes, number of pads used, symptom severity, QoL, and treatment satisfaction compared to the BT-only group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200920) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0167). No significant differences were found between group 2 and group 3 for these parameters. Voiding frequency significantly improved in group 3 (med 11 to 6) compared to group 1 (med 11 to 8) and group 2 (med 12 to 8) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0167).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both MStim plus BT and TTNS plus BT are more effective than BT alone in women with iOAB. These two stimulation methods have similar clinical efficacy, with TTNS demonstrating greater effectiveness in reducing voiding frequency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT05387824.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-025-06215-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T06:43:50Z","timestamp":1751870630000},"page":"2379-2388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of Magnetic and Transcutaenous Tibial Nerve Stimulation Added to Bladder Training for Overactive Bladder: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1947-4375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Necmettin","family":"Yildiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9237-782X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saadet Nur Sena","family":"Oztekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0480-499X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yesim","family":"Akkoc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"6215_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-016-3123-4","volume":"28","author":"K Bo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bo K, Frawley HC, Haylen BT, Abramov Y, Almeida FG, BaryBerghmans B, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)\/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for the conservative and nonpharmacological management of female pelvic floor dysfunction. Int Urogynecol J. 2017;28(2):191\u2013213.","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"6215_CR2","unstructured":"Harding CK, Lapitan MC, Arlandis S, B\u00f8 K, Cobussen-Boekhorst H, Costantini E, et al. The European Association of Urology (EAU) Guidelines. EAU Guidelines on Management of Non-Neurogenic Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms, 2024. https:\/\/uroweb.org\/guidelines\/non-neurogenic-female-luts"},{"key":"6215_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gormley EA, Lightner DJ, Faraday M, Sandip Prasan Vasavada SP. Diagnosis and treatment of overactive bladder (non-neurogenic) in adults: AUA\/SUFU guideline amendment. J Urol. 2015;193(5):1572\u201380.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.01.087"},{"issue":"1","key":"6215_CR4","first-page":"72","volume":"100","author":"LL Subak","year":"2002","unstructured":"Subak LL, Quesenberry CP, Posner SF, Cattolica E, Soghikian K. The effect of behavioral therapy on urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100(1):72\u20138.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"6215_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgio KL, Goode PS, Locher JL, Umlauf MG, Roth DL, Richter HE, et al. Behavioral training with and without biofeedback in the treatment of urge incontinence in older women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;13;288(18):2293\u20139.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.18.2293"},{"issue":"3","key":"6215_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/luts.12087","volume":"7","author":"T Yamanishi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yamanishi T, Kaga K, Fuse M, Shibata C, Uchiyama T. Neuromodulation for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms. Low Urin Tract Symptoms. 2015;7(3):121\u201332.","journal-title":"Low Urin Tract Symptoms"},{"issue":"3","key":"6215_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-023-05704-0","volume":"35","author":"N Yildiz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yildiz N, Celtek MA. Effects of transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation in women refractory to and never used pharmacological agents for idiopathic overactive bladder. Int Urogynecol J. 2024Mar;35(3):571\u20138.","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"6215_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2021.101486","volume":"65","author":"R Sonmez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sonmez R, Yildiz N, Alkan H. Efficacy of percutaneous and transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation in women with idiopathic overactive bladder: a prospective randomised controlled trial. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2022;65(1):101486.","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"6215_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-010-1165-6","volume":"21","author":"L Schreiner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schreiner L, dos Santos TG, Knorst MR, da Silva Filho IG. Randomized trial of transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation to treat urge urinary incontinence in older women. Int Urogynecol J. 2010;21(9):1065\u201370.","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"issue":"4","key":"6215_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2012.10.021","volume":"14","author":"J Booth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Booth J, Hagen S, McClurg D, Norton C, MacInnes C, Collins B, et al. A feasibility study of transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation for bladder and bowel dysfunction in elderly adults in residential care. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(4):270\u20134.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"6215_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manr\u00edquez V, Guzm\u00e1n R, Naser M, Aguilera A, Narvaez S, Castro A, et al. Transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation versus extended release oxybutynin in overactive bladder patients. A prospective randomized trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016;196:6\u201310.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2015.09.020"},{"issue":"1","key":"6215_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23843","volume":"38","author":"I Ram\u00edrez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Garc\u00eda I, Blanco-Ratto L, Kauffmann S, Carralero-Mart\u00ednez A, S\u00e1nchez E. Efficacy of transcutaneous stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve compared to percutaneous stimulation in idiopathic overactive bladder syndrome: randomized control trial. Neurourol Urodyn. 2019;38(1):261\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"3","key":"6215_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.02.026","volume":"52","author":"AR Morris","year":"2007","unstructured":"Morris AR, O\u2019Sullivan R, Dunkley P, Moore KH. Extracorporeal magnetic stimulation is of limited clinical benefit to women with idiopathic detrusor overactivity: a randomized sham controlled trial. Eur Urol. 2007;52(3):876\u201383.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6215_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12289","volume":"21","author":"T Yamanishi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yamanishi T, Homma Y, Nishizawa O, Yasuda K, Yokoyama O. Multicenter, randomized, sham-controlled study on the efficacy of magnetic stimulation for women with urgency urinary incontinence. Int J Urol. 2014;21(4):395\u2013400.","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6215_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20423","volume":"26","author":"T Suzuki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Suzuki T, Yasuda K, Yamanishi T, Kitahara S, Nakai H, Suda S, et al. Randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled evaluation of the effect of functional continuous magnetic stimulation in patients with urgency incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26(6):767\u201372.","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"9","key":"6215_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14450","volume":"76","author":"WH Hou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hou WH, Lin PC, Lee PH, Wu JC, Tai TE, Chen SR. Effects of extracorporeal magnetic stimulation on urinary incontinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Adv Nurs. 2020;76(9):2286\u201398.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"6215_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9077","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45330-9","volume":"9","author":"Q He","year":"2019","unstructured":"He Q, Xiao K, Peng L, Lai J, Li H, Luo D, et al. An effective meta-analysis of magnetic stimulation therapy for urinary incontinence. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9077.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"6215_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24957","volume":"41","author":"T Tezer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tezer T, Yildiz N, Sarsan A, Alkan H. Short-term effect of magnetic stimulation added to bladder training in women with idiopathic overactive bladder: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Neurourol Urodyn. 2022;41(6):1380\u20139.","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"4","key":"6215_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12289","volume":"21","author":"T Yamanishi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yamanishi T, Homma Y, Nishizawa O, Yasuda K, Yokoyama O. Multicenter, randomized, sham-controlled study on the efficacy of magnetic stimulation for women with urgency urinary incontinence. Int J Urol. 2014;21(4):395\u2013400.","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6215_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20423","volume":"26","author":"T Suzuki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Suzuki T, Yasuda K, Yamanishi T, Kitahara S, Nakai H, Suda S, et al. Randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled evaluation of the effect of functional continuous magnetic stimulation in patients with urgency incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26(6):767\u201372.","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"6215_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2010.06.007","volume":"97","author":"CHJ Ferreira","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ferreira CHJ, Barbosa PB, Souza FDO, Ant\u00f4nio FI, Franco MM, B\u00f8 K. Inter-rater reliability study of the modified Oxford Grading Scale and the Peritron manometer. Physiotherapy. 2011;97:132\u20138.","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"6215_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70243-0","volume":"175","author":"RC Bump","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bump RC, Mattiasson A, B\u00f8 K, Brubaker LP, DeLancey JO, Klarskov P, et al. The standardization of terminology of female pelvic organ prolapse and pelvic floor dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;175:10\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6215_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.2013.17.1.11","volume":"17","author":"HE Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee HE, Cho SY, Lee S, Kim M, Oh SJ. Short-term effects of a systematized bladder training program for idiopathic overactive bladder: a prospective study. Int Neurourol. 2013;17(1):11\u20137.","journal-title":"Int Neurourol"},{"issue":"8","key":"6215_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24522","volume":"39","author":"S Firinci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Firinci S, Yildiz N, Alkan H, Aybek Z. Which combination is most effective in women with idiopathic overactive bladder, including bladder training, biofeedback, and electrical stimulation? A prospective randomized controlled trial. Neurourol Urodyn. 2020;39(8):2498\u2013508.","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"6215_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1590\/s1677-5538.ibju.2021.0161","volume":"47","author":"N Yildiz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yildiz N, Alkan H, Sarsan A. Efficacy of intravaginal electrical stimulation added to bladder training in women with idiopathic overactive bladder: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Int Braz J Urol. 2021;47:1150\u20139.","journal-title":"Int Braz J Urol"},{"key":"6215_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berghmans B, van Waalwijk van Doorn E, Nieman F, de Bie R, van den Brandt P, et al. Efficacy of physical therapeutic modalities in women with proven bladder overactivity. Eur Urol. 2002;41(6):581\u2013587.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0302-2838(02)00178-1"},{"issue":"8","key":"6215_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00211.x","volume":"111","author":"R O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2004","unstructured":"O\u2019Sullivan R, Karantanis E, Stevermuer TL, Allen W, Moore KH. Definition of mild, moderate and severe incontinence on the 24-hour pad test. BJOG. 2004;111(8):859\u201362.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"6215_CR28","unstructured":"Tarcan T, Mang\u0131r N, \u00d6zg\u00fcr M\u00d6, Akbal C. OAB-V8 Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Validation Study. (Turkish) \u00dcroloji B\u00fclteni. 2012;21:113\u2013116. http:\/\/www.kontinansdernegi.org\/userfiles\/media\/kontinans.galenos.com.tr\/oab-v8-asiri-aktif-mesane-sorgulama-formu.pdf"},{"key":"6215_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acquadro C, Kopp Z, Coyne KS, Corcos J, Tubaro A. Choo MS, et al. Translating overactive bladder questionnaires in 14 languages. Urology. 2006;67(3):536\u2013540.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.09.035"},{"key":"6215_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20292","volume":"26","author":"C Cam","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cam C, Sakalli M, Ay P, Cam M, Karateke A. Validation of the short form of the incontinence impact questionnaire (IIQ-7) and the urogenital distress inventory (UDI-6) in a Turkish population. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26:129\u201333.","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"6215_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rai BP, Cody JD, Alhasso A, Stewart L. Anticholinergic drugs versus non-drug active therapies for non-neurogenic overactive bladder syndrome in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;12(12):CD003193.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003193.pub4"}],"container-title":["International Urogynecology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00192-025-06215-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00192-025-06215-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00192-025-06215-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T01:03:46Z","timestamp":1767229426000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00192-025-06215-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00192-025-06215-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-3462","1433-3023"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-3462","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-3023","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Pamukkale University (Approved number: (60116787\u2013020\/37878).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics of Approval"}},{"value":"All women were informed about the purpose and contents of the study and all women signed written consent to participate in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}