{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T14:04:12Z","timestamp":1791468252074,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Urogynecol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-026-06660-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T16:20:45Z","timestamp":1776442845000},"page":"2861-2867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessment of AI-Generated Patient Education Materials for Bladder Training and Pelvic Floor Muscle Therapy: Comparison with an International Society Leaflet"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9976-6211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa Onur","family":"Kamani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"6660_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22796","volume":"34","author":"C Dumoulin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dumoulin C, Hay-Smith J, Frawley H, McClurg D, Alewijnse D, Bo K, et al. 2014 consensus statement on improving pelvic floor muscle training adherence: International Continence Society 2011 state-of-the-science seminar. Neurourol Urodyn. 2015;34(7):600\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.22796.","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"52","key":"6660_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.00000000000036636","volume":"102","author":"B Varli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Varli B, Cetindag EN, KoyuncuDemir K, Coban U, Islamova G, Dokmeci F. Evaluation of readability levels of online patient education materials for female pelvic floor disorders. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(52):e36636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/md.00000000000036636.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"1","key":"6660_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/ju.0000000000003985","volume":"212","author":"AP Cameron","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cameron AP, Chung DE, Dielubanza EJ, Enemchukwu E, Ginsberg DA, Helfand BT, et al. The AUA\/SUFU guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic overactive bladder. J Urol. 2024;212(1):11\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ju.0000000000003985.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"6660_CR4","unstructured":"National Institute for H, Care E. Patient decision aids and user guides. NICE guideline NG123: Tools and resources. 2019."},{"issue":"2","key":"6660_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1097\/iop.0000000000002549","volume":"40","author":"K Eid","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eid K, Eid A, Wang D, Raiker RS, Chen S, Nguyen J. Optimizing ophthalmology patient education via ChatBot-generated materials: readability analysis of AI-generated patient education materials and the American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery patient brochures. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2024;40(2):212\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/iop.0000000000002549.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"6660_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/59823","volume":"14","author":"D Roustan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Roustan D, Bastardot F. The clinicians\u2019 guide to large language models: a general perspective with a focus on hallucinations. Interact J Med Res. 2025;14:e59823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/59823.","journal-title":"Interact J Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"6660_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01670-7","volume":"8","author":"E Asgari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Asgari E, Monta\u00f1a-Brown N, Dubois M, Khalil S, Balloch J, Yeung JA, et al. A framework to assess clinical safety and hallucination rates of LLMs for medical text summarisation. NPJ Digit Med. 2025;8(1):274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-025-01670-7.","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"6660_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.2.105","volume":"53","author":"D Charnock","year":"1999","unstructured":"Charnock D, Shepperd S, Needham G, Gann R. DISCERN: an instrument for judging the quality of written consumer health information on treatment choices. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999;53(2):105\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.53.2.105.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"6660_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2014.05.027","volume":"96","author":"SJ Shoemaker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shoemaker SJ, Wolf MS, Brach C. Development of the patient education materials assessment tool (PEMAT): a new measure of understandability and actionability for print and audiovisual patient information. Patient Educ Couns. 2014;96(3):395\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pec.2014.05.027","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"6660_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2374373521998847","volume":"8","author":"MK Rooney","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rooney MK, Santiago G, Perni S, Horowitz DP, McCall AR, Einstein AJ, et al. Readability of patient education materials from high-impact medical journals: a 20-year analysis. J Patient Exp. 2021;8:2374373521998847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2374373521998847.","journal-title":"J Patient Exp"},{"key":"6660_CR11","unstructured":"About the PreventT2 Curriculum: FAQs: Centers for disease control and prevention; 2024 [updated May 15, 2024 10\/10\/2025]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/diabetes-prevention\/php\/lifestyle-change-resources\/about-preventt2-curriculum.html"},{"key":"6660_CR12","unstructured":"International Urogynecological A. Pelvic floor exercises: yourpelvicfloor.org; 2026 [Available from: https:\/\/www.yourpelvicfloor.org\/conditions\/pelvic-floor-exercises\/"},{"key":"6660_CR13","unstructured":"International Urogynecological A. Bladder training: yourpelvicfloor.org; 2026. Available from: https:\/\/www.yourpelvicfloor.org\/conditions\/bladder-training\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"6660_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1037\/h0057532","volume":"32","author":"R Flesch","year":"1948","unstructured":"Flesch R. A new readability yardstick. J Appl Psychol. 1948;32(3):221\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0057532.","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"6660_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kincaid JP, Fishburne RP, Jr., Rogers RL, Chissom BS. Derivation of new readability formulas (automated readability index, fog count and flesch reading ease formula) for navy enlisted personnel. Millington, TN: Chief of Naval Technical Training, Naval Air Station Memphis; 1975. Contract No.: Research Branch Report 8\u201375.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA006655"},{"key":"6660_CR16","volume-title":"The technique of clear writing","author":"R Gunning","year":"1952","unstructured":"Gunning R. The technique of clear writing. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1952."},{"issue":"2","key":"6660_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076540","volume":"60","author":"M Coleman","year":"1975","unstructured":"Coleman M, Liau TL. A computer readability formula designed for machine scoring. J Appl Psychol. 1975;60(2):283.","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"6660_CR18","first-page":"639","volume":"12","author":"GH McLaughlin","year":"1969","unstructured":"McLaughlin GH. SMOG grading: a new readability formula. J Read. 1969;12(8):639\u201346.","journal-title":"J Read"},{"key":"6660_CR19","unstructured":"Smith EA, Senter RJ. Automated readability index. Cincinnati: University of Cincinnati; 1967. Report no.: AD0667273 contract no.: AMRL-TR-66\u2013220."},{"key":"6660_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.105871","volume":"198","author":"M Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou M, Pan Y, Zhang Y, Song X, Zhou Y. Evaluating AI-generated patient education materials for spinal surgeries: comparative analysis of readability and DISCERN quality across chatGPT and deepseek models. Int J Med Inform. 2025;198:105871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.105871.","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"issue":"5","key":"6660_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.61067","volume":"16","author":"TJ Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee TJ, Rao AK, Campbell DJ, Radfar N, Dayal M, Khrais A. Evaluating chatGPT-3.5 and chatGPT-4.0 responses on hyperlipidemia for patient education. Cureus. 2024;16(5):e61067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.61067.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"6660_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2024.10.002","volume":"7","author":"G Abdelmalek","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abdelmalek G, Uppal H, Garcia D, Farshchian J, Emami A, McGinniss A. Leveraging chatGPT to produce patient education materials for common hand conditions. J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2025;7(1):37\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsg.2024.10.002.","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Glob Online"},{"key":"6660_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/68817","volume":"9","author":"RC King","year":"2025","unstructured":"King RC, Samaan JS, Haquang J, Bharani V, Margolis S, Srinivasan N, et al. Improving the readability of institutional heart failure-related patient education materials using GPT-4: observational study. JMIR Cardio. 2025;9:e68817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/68817.","journal-title":"JMIR Cardio"},{"issue":"6","key":"6660_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.37349\/edht.2024.00032","volume":"2","author":"M Diniz-Freitas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Diniz-Freitas M, L\u00f3pez-Pintor RM, Santos-Silva AR, Warnakulasuriya S, Diz-Dios P. Assessing the accuracy and readability of ChatGPT-4 and Gemini in answering oral cancer queries\u2014an exploratory study. Explor Digital Health Technol. 2024;2(6):334\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37349\/edht.2024.00032.","journal-title":"Explor Digital Health Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6660_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/spv.0000000000000653","volume":"25","author":"J Haller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haller J, Keller Z, Barr S, Hadden K, Oliphant SS. Assessing readability: are urogynecologic patient education materials at an appropriate reading level? Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2019;25(2):139\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/spv.0000000000000653.","journal-title":"Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"6660_CR26","unstructured":"Clear & Simple: National Institutes of Health; 2025 [updated February 21, 202510\/10\/2025]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/institutes-nih\/nih-office-director\/office-communications-public-liaison\/clear-communication\/clear-simple"},{"key":"6660_CR27","unstructured":"The Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT) and User\u2019s Guide: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2013 [updated November 2020; cited 2025 10\/10\/2025]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ahrq.gov\/es\/health-literacy\/patient-education\/pemat1.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"6660_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asmr.2022.10.004","volume":"5","author":"SJ Hanish","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hanish SJ, Cherian N, Baumann J, Gieg SD, DeFroda S. Reducing the use of complex words and reducing sentence length to <15 words improves readability of patient education materials regarding sports medicine knee injuries. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2023;5(1):e1-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asmr.2022.10.004.","journal-title":"Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"6660_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-025-02121-3","volume":"16","author":"A Bozer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bozer A, Pek\u00e7evik Y. Comparative evaluation of large language models in explaining radiology reports: expert assessment of readability, understandability, and communication features. Insights Imaging. 2025;16(1):232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13244-025-02121-3.","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"6660_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-025-05302-0","volume":"29","author":"JD Workum","year":"2025","unstructured":"Workum JD, Volkers BWS, van de Sande D, Arora S, Goeijenbier M, Gommers D, et al. Comparative evaluation and performance of large language models on expert level critical care questions: a benchmark study. Crit Care. 2025;29(1):72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-025-05302-0.","journal-title":"Crit Care"}],"container-title":["International Urogynecology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00192-026-06660-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00192-026-06660-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00192-026-06660-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:36:05Z","timestamp":1791466565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00192-026-06660-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["6660"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00192-026-06660-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-3462","1433-3023"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-3462","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-3023","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study involves only publicly available documents and generated text, with no interaction with human subjects or identifiable data; therefore, IRB\/ethics approval was not required.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}