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IC\/BPS symptoms can be localized to the pelvic-region or have co-occurring widespread pain. Importantly, response to treatment depends on pain localization phenotype. The etiology of IC\/BPS remains elusive, and whether bacteria contribute to IC\/BPS pathophysiology remains uncertain. We hypothesized that the urobiome does not differentiate phenotypic presentations of IC\/BPS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used urine samples collected from a longitudinal randomized controlled trial of psychotherapy for individuals with IC\/BPS to study the association of the urobiome and IC\/BPS symptoms over time. Individuals provided urine samples at baseline, posttreatment, and at 5 months. We performed a secondary analysis on urine samples applying 16S rRNA sequencing and assigned bacterial taxonomy to amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) to characterize the urobiome. We compared urobiome diversity and stability over time, their associations with IC\/BPS symptoms, and relationships with pain localization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      As validation of this dataset, we noted a strong influence of menopausal status and recent urinary tract infection on the composition of the urobiome. We did not detect widespread differences in the urobiome that correlated with an individuals\u2019 pain localization or severity. Instead, we observed specific bacterial sequences that were altered in abundance in relation to symptomatology, such as reduced abundance of a\n                      <jats:italic>Dialister<\/jats:italic>\n                      ASV in persons with localized pelvic pain.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Together, this dataset advances our understanding of the urobiome in IC\/BPS and sets the stage for future studies on the urobiome and IC\/BPS symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-026-06716-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T14:18:30Z","timestamp":1781965110000},"page":"3585-3595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Urobiome Analysis in Interstitial Cystitis\/Bladder Pain Syndrome Reveals Nuanced Differences Associated with Localized Pain"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7791-1641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seth A.","family":"Reasoner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamisha","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2204-1441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mollie","family":"Gidney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afia","family":"Amponsah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0371-7122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brendan","family":"Frainey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4291-0320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Schrepf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Grace","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Ryden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6347-5738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leslie J.","family":"Crofford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9838-9178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger R.","family":"Dmochowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4249-8997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Hadjifrangiskou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9419-8502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsey C.","family":"McKernan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"6716_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.03.132","author":"SH Berry","year":"2011","unstructured":"Berry SH, Elliott MN, Suttorp M, et al. 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Participants provided written informed consent.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"LCM receives compensation as a consultant for Restoration Medicine. All other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}