{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T22:21:35Z","timestamp":1783981295591,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]],"date-time":"2019-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547164800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009155","name":"Otsuka America Pharmaceutical","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Osteoporos Int"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-04832-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]],"date-time":"2019-01-11T11:14:19Z","timestamp":1547205259000},"page":"853-861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Chronic hyponatremia and association with osteoporosis among a large racially\/ethnically diverse population"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7338-4808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. L.","family":"Adams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. H.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Kamat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Krasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. M.","family":"Rhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Kalantar-Zadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. J.","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. J.","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"4832_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005253422107","volume":"342","author":"HJ Adrogue","year":"2000","unstructured":"Adrogue HJ, Madias NE (2000) Hyponatremia. N Engl J Med 342:1581\u20131589","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4832_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.065391","volume":"125","author":"CP Kovesdy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kovesdy CP, Lott EH, Lu JL, Malakauskas SM, Ma JZ, Molnar MZ, Kalantar-Zadeh K (2012) Hyponatremia, hypernatremia, and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease with and without congestive heart failure. Circulation 125:677\u2013684","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"4832_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)12169-9","volume":"352","author":"S Kumar","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kumar S, Berl T (1998) Sodium. Lancet 352:220\u2013228","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4832_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.05.005","volume":"119","author":"A Upadhyay","year":"2006","unstructured":"Upadhyay A, Jaber BL, Madias NE (2006) Incidence and prevalence of hyponatremia. Am J Med 119:S30\u2013S35","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"4832_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.00609.x","volume":"54","author":"M Miller","year":"2006","unstructured":"Miller M (2006) Hyponatremia and arginine vasopressin dysregulation: mechanisms, clinical consequences, and management. J Am Geriatr Soc 54:345\u2013353","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"4832_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1995.tb06623.x","volume":"43","author":"M Miller","year":"1995","unstructured":"Miller M, Morley JE, Rubenstein LZ (1995) Hyponatremia in a nursing home population. J Am Geriatr Soc 43:1410\u20131413","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"4832_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3725","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs412","volume":"27","author":"JC Ayus","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ayus JC, Negri AL, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Moritz ML (2012) Is chronic hyponatremia a novel risk factor for hip fracture in the elderly? Nephrol Dial Transpl 27:3725\u20133731","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transpl"},{"key":"4832_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2003.08.001","volume":"337","author":"RC Hawkins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hawkins RC (2003) Age and gender as risk factors for hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Clin Chim Acta 337:169\u2013172","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"4832_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfg394","volume":"18","author":"ML Moritz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Moritz ML, Ayus JC (2003) The pathophysiology and treatment of hyponatraemic encephalopathy: an update. Nephroly Dial Transpl 18:2486\u20132491","journal-title":"Nephroly Dial Transpl"},{"key":"4832_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198606123142401","volume":"314","author":"AI Arieff","year":"1986","unstructured":"Arieff AI (1986) Hyponatremia, convulsions, respiratory arrest, and permanent brain damage after elective surgery in healthy women. N Engl J Med 314:1529\u20131535","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"71","key":"4832_CR11","first-page":"e71","volume":"119","author":"B Renneboog","year":"2006","unstructured":"Renneboog B, Musch W, Vandemergel X, Manto MU, Decaux G (2006) Mild chronic hyponatremia is associated with falls, unsteadiness, and attention deficits. Am J Med 119(71):e71\u2013e78","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"4832_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-009-9585-2","volume":"41","author":"HS Sandhu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sandhu HS, Gilles E, DeVita MV, Panagopoulos G, Michelis MF (2009) Hyponatremia associated with large-bone fracture in elderly patients. Int Urol Nephrol 41:733\u2013737","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"4832_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoorn EJ, Rivadeneira F, van Meurs JB, Ziere G, Stricker BH, Hofman A, Pols HA, Zietse R, Uitterlinden AG, Zillikens MC (2011) Mild hyponatremia as a risk factor for fractures: the Rotterdam study. J Bone Miner Res 26:1822\u20131828","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.380"},{"key":"4832_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06120809","volume":"5","author":"S Kinsella","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kinsella S, Moran S, Sullivan MO, Molloy MG, Eustace JA (2010) Hyponatremia independent of osteoporosis is associated with fracture occurrence. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol : CJASN 5:275\u2013280","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol : CJASN"},{"key":"4832_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.090827","volume":"25","author":"JG Verbalis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Verbalis JG, Barsony J, Sugimura Y, Tian Y, Adams DJ, Carter EA, Resnick HE (2010) Hyponatremia-induced osteoporosis. J Bone Mineral Res 25:554\u2013563","journal-title":"J Bone Mineral Res"},{"key":"4832_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10,864","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.155002","volume":"286","author":"J Barsony","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barsony J, Sugimura Y, Verbalis JG (2011) Osteoclast response to low extracellular sodium and the mechanism of hyponatremia-induced bone loss. J Biol Chem 286:10,864\u201310,875","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"4832_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18,644","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1318257110","volume":"110","author":"R Tamma","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tamma R, Sun L, Cuscito C, Lu P, Corcelli M, Li J, Colaianni G, Moonga SS, di Benedetto A, Grano M, Colucci S, Yuen T, New MI, Zallone A, Zaidi M (2013) Regulation of bone remodeling by vasopressin explains the bone loss in hyponatremia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:18,644\u201318,649","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"4832_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3108-z","volume":"26","author":"F Afshinnia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Afshinnia F, Sundaram B, Ackermann RJ, Wong KK (2015) Hyponatremia and osteoporosis: reappraisal of a novel association. Osteoporos Int 26:2291\u20132298","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"4832_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2973-1","volume":"26","author":"C Kruse","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kruse C, Eiken P, Vestergaard P (2015) Hyponatremia and osteoporosis: insights from the Danish National Patient Registry. Osteoporos Int 26:1005\u20131016","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"4832_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1261","volume":"100","author":"RL Usala","year":"2015","unstructured":"Usala RL, Fernandez SJ, Mete M, Cowen L, Shara NM, Barsony J, Verbalis JG (2015) Hyponatremia is associated with increased osteoporosis and bone fractures in a large US health system population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100:3021\u20133031","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"4832_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558712466293","volume":"70","author":"SF Derose","year":"2013","unstructured":"Derose SF, Contreras R, Coleman KJ, Koebnick C, Jacobsen SJ (2013) Race and ethnicity data quality and imputation using U.S. Census data in an integrated health system: the Kaiser Permanente Southern California experience. Med Care Res Rev 70:330\u2013345","journal-title":"Med Care Res Rev"},{"key":"4832_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/12-031","volume":"16","author":"C Koebnick","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koebnick C, Langer-Gould AM, Gould MK, Chao CR, Iyer RL, Smith N, Chen W, Jacobsen SJ (2012) Sociodemographic characteristics of members of a large, integrated health care system: comparison with US Census Bureau data. Perm J 16:37\u201341","journal-title":"Perm J"},{"key":"4832_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.142","volume":"88","author":"JJ Sim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sim JJ, Bhandari SK, Shi J, Reynolds K, Calhoun DA, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Jacobsen SJ (2015) Comparative risk of renal, cardiovascular, and mortality outcomes in controlled, uncontrolled resistant, and nonresistant hypertension. Kidney Int 88:622\u2013632","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"4832_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006","volume":"150","author":"AS Levey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang Y(L), Castro AF III, Feldman HI, Kusek JW, Eggers P, van Lente F, Greene T, Coresh J, for the CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) (2009) A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 150:604\u2013612","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"4832_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.6.785","volume":"285","author":"Nih Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention D, Therapy","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nih Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention D, Therapy (2001) Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA 285:785\u2013795","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4832_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.50","volume":"301","author":"D Bliuc","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bliuc D, Nguyen ND, Milch VE, Nguyen TV, Eisman JA, Center JR (2009) Mortality risk associated with low-trauma osteoporotic fracture and subsequent fracture in men and women. JAMA 301:513\u2013521","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4832_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09075-8","volume":"353","author":"JR Center","year":"1999","unstructured":"Center JR, Nguyen TV, Schneider D, Sambrook PN, Eisman JA (1999) Mortality after all major types of osteoporotic fracture in men and women: an observational study. Lancet 353:878\u2013882","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4832_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.5301\/jn.5000064","volume":"25","author":"R Tolouian","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tolouian R, Alhamad T, Farazmand M, Mulla ZD (2012) The correlation of hip fracture and hyponatremia in the elderly. J Nephrol 25:789\u2013793","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"4832_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.24.2299","volume":"281","author":"JC Ayus","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ayus JC, Arieff AI (1999) Chronic hyponatremic encephalopathy in postmenopausal women: association of therapies with morbidity and mortality. JAMA 281:2299\u20132304","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4832_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcn061","volume":"101","author":"F Gankam Kengne","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gankam Kengne F, Andres C, Sattar L, Melot C, Decaux G (2008) Mild hyponatremia and risk of fracture in the ambulatory elderly. Q J Med 101:583\u2013588","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"4832_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F619","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00502.2007","volume":"295","author":"JC Ayus","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ayus JC, Achinger SG, Arieff A (2008) Brain cell volume regulation in hyponatremia: role of sex, age, vasopressin, and hypoxia. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 295:F619\u2013F624","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"4832_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12597","volume":"46","author":"F Vandergheynst","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vandergheynst F, Gombeir Y, Bellante F, Perrotta G, Remiche G, Melot C, Mavroudakis N, Decaux G (2016) Impact of hyponatremia on nerve conduction and muscle strength. Eur J Clin Investig 46:328\u2013333","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Investig"},{"key":"4832_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103168","volume":"34","author":"WH Bergstrom","year":"1955","unstructured":"Bergstrom WH (1955) The participation of bone in total body sodium metabolism in the rat. J Clin Invest 34:997\u20131004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"4832_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1987.tb02391.x","volume":"17","author":"PA Gross","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gross PA, Pehrisch H, Rascher W, Schomig A, Hackenthal E, Ritz E (1987) Pathogenesis of clinical hyponatremia: observations of vasopressin and fluid intake in 100 hyponatremic medical patients. Eur J Clin Investig 17:123\u2013129","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Investig"},{"key":"4832_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116954","volume":"139","author":"DJ Morton","year":"1994","unstructured":"Morton DJ, Barrett-Connor EL, Edelstein SL (1994) Thiazides and bone mineral density in elderly men and women. Am J Epidemiol 139:1107\u20131115","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"4832_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-139-6-200309160-00010","volume":"139","author":"MW Schoofs","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schoofs MW, van der Klift M, Hofman A, de Laet CE, Herings RM, Stijnen T, Pols HA, Stricker BH (2003) Thiazide diuretics and the risk for hip fracture. Ann Intern Med 139:476\u2013482","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Osteoporosis International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00198-018-04832-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00198-018-04832-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00198-018-04832-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T19:13:53Z","timestamp":1578683633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00198-018-04832-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["4832"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-018-04832-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-941X","1433-2965"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-941X","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-2965","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 May 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 December 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 January 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"A. Adams, B. Li, S. Bhandari, C. Rhee, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, S. Jacobsen, and J. Sim report no conflicts of interest relevant to this manuscript. H. Krasa, S. Kamat, and S. Sundar are employees of Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., who has a treatment for hyponatremia.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}