{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T08:26:54Z","timestamp":1792571214487,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Osteoporos Int"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-020-05519-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T07:53:04Z","timestamp":1593589984000},"page":"2113-2122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Risk of fragility fractures in obesity and diabetes: a retrospective analysis on a nation-wide cohort"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8915-0755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.","family":"Adami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Gatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Rossini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Orsolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Pollastri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Bertoldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Viapiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Bertoldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Giollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Fassio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"5519_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650090802","volume":"9","author":"JA Kanis","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kanis JA, Melton LJ, Christiansen C et al (1994) The diagnosis of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res 9:1137\u20131141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbmr.5650090802","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"5519_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-013-0136-1","volume":"8","author":"E Hernlund","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hernlund E, Svedbom A, Iverg\u00e5rd M et al (2013) Osteoporosis in the European Union: medical management, epidemiology and economic burden. A report prepared in collaboration with the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industry Associations (EFPIA). Arch Osteoporos 8:136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11657-013-0136-1","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos"},{"key":"5519_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4081\/reumatismo.2016.870","volume":"68","author":"M Rossini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rossini M, Adami S, Bertoldo F, Diacinti D, Gatti D, Giannini S, Giusti A, Malavolta N, Minisola S, Osella G, Pedrazzoni M, Sinigaglia L, Viapiana O, Isaia GC (2016) Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of osteoporosis. Reumatismo 68:1\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/reumatismo.2016.870","journal-title":"Reumatismo"},{"key":"5519_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1713-z","volume":"22","author":"JA Kanis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kanis JA, Hans D, Cooper C et al (2011) Interpretation and use of FRAX in clinical practice. Osteoporos Int 22:2395\u20132411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-011-1713-z","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"5519_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-013-9748-0","volume":"93","author":"S Adami","year":"2013","unstructured":"Adami S, Bertoldo F, Gatti D, Minisola G, Rossini M, Sinigaglia L, Varenna M (2013) Treatment thresholds for osteoporosis and reimbursability criteria: perspectives associated with fracture risk-assessment tools. Calcif Tissue Int 93:195\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00223-013-9748-0","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"5519_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.05.032","volume":"82","author":"AV Schwartz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schwartz AV (2016) Epidemiology of fractures in type 2 diabetes. Bone 82:2\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2015.05.032","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"5519_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3645-0","volume":"27","author":"EAC de Waard","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Waard EAC, Koster A, Melai T et al (2016) The association between glucose metabolism status, diabetes severity and a history of fractures and recent falls in participants of 50 years and older-the Maastricht study. Osteoporos Int 27:3207\u20133216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-016-3645-0","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"5519_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2018.10.001","volume":"45","author":"A Mantovani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mantovani A, Sani E, Fassio A, Colecchia A, Viapiana O, Gatti D, Idolazzi L, Rossini M, Salvagno G, Lippi G, Zoppini G, Byrne CD, Bonora E, Targher G (2019) Association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and bone turnover biomarkers in post-menopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab 45:347\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabet.2018.10.001","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"5519_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-006-0253-4","volume":"18","author":"P Vestergaard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vestergaard P (2007) Discrepancies in bone mineral density and fracture risk in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes--a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA 18:427\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-006-0253-4","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"5519_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.153","volume":"13","author":"N Napoli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Napoli N, Chandran M, Pierroz DD, Abrahamsen B, Schwartz AV, Ferrari SL, IOF bone and diabetes working group (2017) Mechanisms of diabetes mellitus-induced bone fragility. Nat Rev Endocrinol 13(4):208\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrendo.2016.153","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5519_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2010.07.008","volume":"20","author":"D Merlotti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Merlotti D, Gennari L, Dotta F, Lauro D, Nuti R (2010) Mechanisms of impaired bone strength in type 1 and 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 20(9):683\u2013690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2010.07.008","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"5519_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2631-7","volume":"25","author":"T Neumann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Neumann T, Lodes S, K\u00e4stner B, Franke S, Kiehntopf M, Lehmann T, M\u00fcller UA, Wolf G, S\u00e4mann A (2014) High serum pentosidine but not esRAGE is associated with prevalent fractures in type 1 diabetes independent of bone mineral density and glycaemic control. Osteoporos Int 25:1527\u20131533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-014-2631-7","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"5519_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2051","volume":"29","author":"JE Compston","year":"2014","unstructured":"Compston JE, Flahive J, Hosmer DW, Watts NB, Siris ES, Silverman S, Saag KG, Roux C, Rossini M, Pfeilschifter J, Nieves JW, Netelenbos JC, March L, LaCroix AZ, Hooven FH, Greenspan SL, Gehlbach SH, D\u00edez-P\u00e9rez A, Cooper C, Chapurlat RD, Boonen S, Anderson FA Jr, Adami S, Adachi JD, for the GLOW Investigators (2014) Relationship of weight, height, and body mass index with fracture risk at different sites in postmenopausal women: the Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women (GLOW). J Bone Miner Res 29:487\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbmr.2051","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"5519_CR14","unstructured":"WHO | Obesity and overweight. In: WHO. http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs311\/en\/. Accessed 24 Nov 2017"},{"key":"5519_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-016-0278-4","volume":"21","author":"O Bosello","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bosello O, Donataccio MP, Cuzzolaro M (2016) Obesity or obesities? Controversies on the association between body mass index and premature mortality. Eat Weight Disord 21:165\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40519-016-0278-4","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord"},{"key":"5519_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2011.08.005","volume":"34","author":"NS Mitchell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mitchell NS, Catenacci VA, Wyatt HR, Hill JO (2011) Obesity: overview of an epidemic. Psychiatr Clin North Am 34:717\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psc.2011.08.005","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"5519_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-018-0505-2","volume":"23","author":"A Fassio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fassio A, Idolazzi L, Rossini M, Gatti D, Adami G, Giollo A, Viapiana O (2018) The obesity paradox and osteoporosis. Eat Weight Disord EWD 23:293\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40519-018-0505-2","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord EWD"},{"key":"5519_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.01.024","volume":"104","author":"EM Curtis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Curtis EM, Moon RJ, Harvey NC, Cooper C (2017) The impact of fragility fracture and approaches to osteoporosis risk assessment worldwide. Bone 104:29\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2017.01.024","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"5519_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adami G, Rossini M, Fassio A et al (2020) Comments on Kanis et al.: algorithm for the management of patients at low, high, and very high risk of osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-020-05302-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-020-05302-6"},{"key":"5519_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.79.4.7962303","volume":"79","author":"IR Reid","year":"1994","unstructured":"Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, Sharpe SJ, Gamble GD (1994) Determinants of the rate of bone loss in normal postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:950\u2013954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.79.4.7962303","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"5519_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2010.06.027","volume":"503","author":"IR Reid","year":"2010","unstructured":"Reid IR (2010) Fat and bone. Arch Biochem Biophys 503:20\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.abb.2010.06.027","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"5519_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2407","volume":"30","author":"AL Evans","year":"2015","unstructured":"Evans AL, Paggiosi MA, Eastell R, Walsh JS (2015) Bone density, microstructure and strength in obese and normal weight men and women in younger and older adulthood. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res 30:920\u2013928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbmr.2407","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"5519_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-015-0219-2","volume":"10","author":"S Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang S, Shen X (2015) Association and relative importance of multiple obesity measures with bone mineral density: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006. Arch Osteoporos 10:14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11657-015-0219-2","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos"},{"key":"5519_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.070813","volume":"23","author":"L-J Zhao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhao L-J, Jiang H, Papasian CJ, Maulik D, Drees B, Hamilton J, Deng HW (2008) Correlation of obesity and osteoporosis: effect of fat mass on the determination of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 23:17\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1359\/jbmr.070813","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"5519_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.06.013","volume":"124","author":"JE Compston","year":"2011","unstructured":"Compston JE, Watts NB, Chapurlat R, Cooper C, Boonen S, Greenspan S, Pfeilschifter J, Silverman S, D\u00edez-P\u00e9rez A, Lindsay R, Saag KG, Netelenbos JC, Gehlbach S, Hooven FH, Flahive J, Adachi JD, Rossini M, Lacroix AZ, Roux C, Sambrook PN, Siris ES, Glow Investigators (2011) Obesity is not protective against fracture in postmenopausal women: GLOW. Am J Med 124:1043\u20131050. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.06.013","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"5519_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1466","volume":"27","author":"D Prieto-Alhambra","year":"2012","unstructured":"Prieto-Alhambra D, Premaor MO, Fina Avil\u00e9s F, Hermosilla E, Martinez-Laguna D, Carbonell-Abella C, Nogu\u00e9s X, Compston JE, D\u00edez-P\u00e9rez A (2012) The association between fracture and obesity is site-dependent: a population-based study in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res 27:294\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbmr.1466","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"5519_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1880","volume":"28","author":"E Sornay-Rendu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sornay-Rendu E, Boutroy S, Vilayphiou N, Claustrat B, Chapurlat RD (2013) In obese postmenopausal women, bone microarchitecture and strength are not commensurate to greater body weight: the Os des Femmes de Lyon (OFELY) study. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res 28:1679\u20131687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbmr.1880","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"5519_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1305-3","volume":"22","author":"D Sukumar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sukumar D, Schlussel Y, Riedt CS, Gordon C, Stahl T, Shapses SA (2011) Obesity alters cortical and trabecular bone density and geometry in women. Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA 22:635\u2013645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-010-1305-3","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA"},{"key":"5519_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.361","volume":"26","author":"KE Barbour","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barbour KE, Zmuda JM, Boudreau R, Strotmeyer ES, Horwitz MJ, Evans RW, Kanaya AM, Harris TB, Bauer DC, Cauley JA (2011) Adipokines and the risk of fracture in older adults. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res 26:1568\u20131576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbmr.361","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"5519_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1109\/7333.928572","volume":"9","author":"P Corbeil","year":"2001","unstructured":"Corbeil P, Simoneau M, Rancourt D, Tremblay A, Teasdale N (2001) Increased risk for falling associated with obesity: mathematical modeling of postural control. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 9:126\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/7333.928572","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"5519_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03470.x","volume":"71","author":"EM Stein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stein EM, Strain G, Sinha N, Ortiz D, Pomp A, Dakin G, McMahon DJ, Bockman R, Silverberg SJ (2009) Vitamin D insufficiency prior to bariatric surgery: risk factors and a pilot treatment study. Clin Endocrinol 71:176\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03470.x","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"5519_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03767.x","volume":"60","author":"CL Himes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Himes CL, Reynolds SL (2012) Effect of obesity on falls, injury, and disability. J Am Geriatr Soc 60:124\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03767.x","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"5519_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1993.tb07307.x","volume":"41","author":"MC Nevitt","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nevitt MC, Cummings SR (1993) Type of fall and risk of hip and wrist fractures: the study of osteoporotic fractures. The study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Am Geriatr Soc 41:1226\u20131234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1993.tb07307.x","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"5519_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm106","volume":"166","author":"M Janghorbani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Janghorbani M, Van Dam RM, Willett WC, Hu FB (2007) Systematic review of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of fracture. Am J Epidemiol 166:495\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwm106","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"5519_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0440","volume":"29","author":"M Janghorbani","year":"2006","unstructured":"Janghorbani M, Feskanich D, Willett WC, Hu F (2006) Prospective study of diabetes and risk of hip fracture: the nurses\u2019 health study. Diabetes Care 29:1573\u20131578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc06-0440","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["Osteoporosis International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00198-020-05519-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00198-020-05519-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00198-020-05519-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T02:03:40Z","timestamp":1625105020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00198-020-05519-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["5519"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-020-05519-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-941X","1433-2965"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-941X","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-2965","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was conducted according to the protocol 1876 approved by our local Ethics Committee, in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was waived because encrypted retrospective information was used.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"Maurizio Rossini reports personal fees from AbbVie, Abiogen, Eli-Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Sanofi, UCB, outside the submitted work. Giovanni Adami, Davide Gatti, Giovanni Orsolini, Francesco Pollastri, Eugenia Bertoldo, Ombretta Viapiana, Francesco Bertoldo, Alessandro Giollo, and Davide Gatti have no conflict of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}