{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T09:12:45Z","timestamp":1788858765700,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Osteoporos Int"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-026-08178-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T09:01:14Z","timestamp":1788858074000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical guidance on evaluation and management of bone fragility in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS): an IOF position statement"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9318-6785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cyrille B.","family":"Confavreux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Bouvard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Blank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peyman","family":"Hadji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Biver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Jacques","family":"Body","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Brandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Campusano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter R.","family":"Ebeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdellah El","family":"Maghraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerold","family":"Holzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Kendler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobie","family":"de Villiers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Rizzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Joseph","family":"Foldes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"8178_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2412716","volume":"393","author":"SV Rajkumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rajkumar SV, Kumar S (2025) Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. N Engl J Med 393(13):1315\u20131326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra2412716","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"8178_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70442-5","volume":"15","author":"SV Rajkumar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, Palumbo A, Blade J, Merlini G, Mateos MV et al (2014) International myeloma working group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Lancet Oncol 15(12):12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70442-5","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"8178_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.8124","volume":"185","author":"Y Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu Y, Parks AL (2025) Diagnosis and management of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: a review. JAMA Intern Med 185(4):450\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.8124","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"8178_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.27422","volume":"99","author":"SV Rajkumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rajkumar SV (2024) Multiple myeloma: 2024 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol sept 99(9):1802\u20131824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajh.27422","journal-title":"Am J Hematol sept"},{"issue":"1","key":"8178_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-025-01362-0","volume":"116","author":"M Teissonni\u00e8re","year":"2025","unstructured":"Teissonni\u00e8re M, Point M, Biver E, Hadji P, Bonnelye E, Ebeling PR et al (2025) Bone effects of anti-cancer treatments in 2024. Calcif Tissue Int 116(1):54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00223-025-01362-0","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"8178_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2010.08207.x","volume":"150","author":"JR Berenson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Berenson JR, Anderson KC, Audell RA, Boccia RV, Coleman M, Dimopoulos MA et al (2010) Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: a consensus statement. Br J Haematol juill 150(1):28\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2010.08207.x","journal-title":"Br J Haematol juill"},{"issue":"2","key":"8178_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1159\/000162282","volume":"120","author":"T Golombick","year":"2008","unstructured":"Golombick T, Diamond T (2008) Prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance\/myeloma in patients with acute osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Acta Haematol 120(2):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000162282","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"issue":"8","key":"8178_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4065\/84.8.685","volume":"84","author":"JP Bida","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bida JP, Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Melton LJ, Plevak MF, Larson DR et al (2009) Disease associations with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: a population-based study of 17,398 patients. Mayo Clin Proc ao\u00fbt 84(8):8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4065\/84.8.685","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc ao\u00fbt"},{"issue":"5","key":"8178_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2006.06217.x","volume":"134","author":"J Pepe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pepe J, Petrucci MT, Nofroni I, Fassino V, Diacinti D, Romagnoli E et al (2006) Lumbar bone mineral density as the major factor determining increased prevalence of vertebral fractures in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Br J Haematol sept 134(5):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2006.06217.x","journal-title":"Br J Haematol sept"},{"issue":"8","key":"8178_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e345","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2015.71","volume":"5","author":"JM Piot","year":"2015","unstructured":"Piot JM, Royer M, Schmidt-Tanguy A, Hopp\u00e9 E, Gardembas M, Bourr\u00e9e T et al (2015) Factors associated with an increased risk of vertebral fracture in monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance. Blood cancer J 5(8):e345","journal-title":"Blood cancer J"},{"issue":"1","key":"8178_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2006.06269.x","volume":"135","author":"H Gregersen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gregersen H, Jensen P, Gislum M, J\u00f8rgensen B, S\u00f8rensen HT, N\u00f8rgaard M (2006) Fracture risk in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Br J Haematol 135(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2006.06269.x","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8178_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.0301212","volume":"19","author":"LJ Melton","year":"2004","unstructured":"Melton LJ, Rajkumar SV, Khosla S, Achenbach SJ, Oberg AL, Kyle RA (2004) Fracture risk in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res Janv 19(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1359\/JBMR.0301212","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res Janv"},{"issue":"15","key":"8178_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-04-282848","volume":"116","author":"SY Kristinsson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kristinsson SY, Tang M, Pfeiffer RM, Bj\u00f6rkholm M, Blimark C, Mellqvist UH et al (2010) Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and risk of skeletal fractures: a population-based study. Blood 116(15):15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2010-04-282848","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"8178_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-017-0817-8","volume":"36","author":"N Veronese","year":"2018","unstructured":"Veronese N, Luchini C, Solmi M, Sergi G, Manzato E, Stubbs B (2018) Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and bone health outcomes: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis. J Bone Miner Metab janv 36(1):128\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00774-017-0817-8","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab janv"},{"issue":"5","key":"8178_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-025-02572-z","volume":"39","author":"GA Borges","year":"2025","unstructured":"Borges GA, Diaz-delCastillo M, Guilatco AJ, El-Masri BM, Mustapha FA, Gundesen MT et al (2025) Senescence profiling of monoclonal gammopathies reveals paracrine senescence as a crucial defense against disease progression. Leukemia mai 39(5):1206\u20131217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41375-025-02572-z","journal-title":"Leukemia mai"},{"issue":"9","key":"8178_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4385","volume":"23","author":"JN Farr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Farr JN, Xu M, Weivoda MM, Monroe DG, Fraser DG, Onken JL et al (2017) Targeting cellular senescence prevents age-related bone loss in mice. Nat Med sept 23(9):1072\u20131079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.4385","journal-title":"Nat Med sept"},{"issue":"27","key":"8178_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2017010454","volume":"1","author":"S Thorsteinsdottir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thorsteinsdottir S, Lund SH, Lindqvist EK, Thordardottir M, Sigurdsson G, Costello R et al (2017) Bone disease in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: results from a screened population-based study. Blood Adv 1(27):27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/bloodadvances.2017010454","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"12","key":"8178_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3392","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2023.283191","volume":"108","author":"A\u00dd Sigurbergsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sigurbergsd\u00f3ttir A\u00dd, R\u00f6gnvaldsson S, Thorsteinsd\u00f3ttir S, Sverrisd\u00f3ttir I, Sigur\u00f0ard\u00f3ttir G\u00c1, Vi\u00f0arsson B et al (2023) Disease associations with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance can only be evaluated using screened cohorts: results from the population-based iStopMM study. Haematologica 108(12):3392\u20133398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3324\/haematol.2023.283191","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"1","key":"8178_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-007-0376-5","volume":"87","author":"O Dizdar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dizdar O, Erman M, Cankurtaran M, Halil M, Ulger Z, Yavuz BB et al (2008) Lower bone mineral density in geriatric patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Ann Hematol janv 87(1):57\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00277-007-0376-5","journal-title":"Ann Hematol janv"},{"issue":"9","key":"8178_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-023-06817-4","volume":"34","author":"E Shevroja","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shevroja E, Reginster JY, Lamy O, Al-Daghri N, Chandran M, Demoux-Baiada AL et al (2023) Update on the clinical use of trabecular bone score (TBS) in the management of osteoporosis: results of an expert group meeting organized by the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO), and the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) under the auspices of WHO Collaborating Center for Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging. Osteoporos Int 34(9):1501\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-023-06817-4","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"8178_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115394","volume":"137","author":"JG Sfeir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sfeir JG, Pena Guzman TD, Bedatsova L, Broski SM, Drake MT (2020) Use of trabecular bone score for risk stratification of patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Bone ao\u00fbt 137:115394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115394","journal-title":"Bone ao\u00fbt"},{"issue":"21","key":"8178_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6461","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13216461","volume":"13","author":"S Drakoulidou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Drakoulidou S, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Kyritsi A, Koutoulidis V, Malandrakis P, Kanellias N et al (2024) Trabecular bone score as a complementary tool for the assessment of bone mineral density in patients with asymptomatic monoclonal gammopathies. J Clin Med 13(21):6461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13216461","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"8178_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2016.07.004","volume":"5","author":"A Diez-Perez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Diez-Perez A, Bouxsein ML, Eriksen EF, Khosla S, Nyman JS, Papapoulos S et al (2016) Technical note: Recommendations for a standard procedure to assess cortical bone at the tissue-level in vivo using impact microindentation. Bone Rep d\u00e9c 5:181\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bonr.2016.07.004","journal-title":"Bone Rep d\u00e9c"},{"issue":"4","key":"8178_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-020-01084-3","volume":"38","author":"G Orduna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Orduna G, Mellibovsky L, Abella E, Nogu\u00e9s X, Granero R, Garc\u00eda-Giralt N et al (2020) Bone tissue quality in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance. J Bone Miner Metab juill 38(4):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00774-020-01084-3","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab juill"},{"issue":"25","key":"8178_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-04-351437","volume":"118","author":"AC Ng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ng AC, Khosla S, Charatcharoenwitthaya N, Kumar SK, Achenbach SJ, Holets MF et al (2011) Bone microstructural changes revealed by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography imaging and elevated DKK1 and MIP-1\u03b1 levels in patients with MGUS. Blood 118(25):25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2011-04-351437","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"5","key":"8178_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-05-505776","volume":"123","author":"JN Farr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Farr JN, Zhang W, Kumar SK, Jacques RM, Ng AC, McCready LK et al (2014) Altered cortical microarchitecture in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Blood 123(5):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2013-05-505776","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"3","key":"8178_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4787-z","volume":"30","author":"EM Stein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stein EM, Dash A, Bucovsky M, Agarwal S, Fu J, Lentzsch S et al (2019) Disrupted radial and tibial microarchitecture in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA 30(3):3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-018-4787-z","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"8178_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/s8756-3282(95)00174-3","volume":"17","author":"JP Roux","year":"1995","unstructured":"Roux JP, Arlot ME, Gineyts E, Meunier PJ, Delmas PD (1995) Automatic-interactive measurement of resorption cavities in transiliac bone biopsies and correlation with deoxypyridinoline. Bone ao\u00fbt 17(2):153\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s8756-3282(95)00174-3","journal-title":"Bone ao\u00fbt"},{"issue":"4","key":"8178_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(85)90004-3","volume":"6","author":"PM Chavassieux","year":"1985","unstructured":"Chavassieux PM, Arlot ME, Meunier PJ (1985) Intermethod variation in bone histomorphometry: comparison between manual and computerized methods applied to iliac bone biopsies. Bone 6(4):221\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/8756-3282(85)90004-3","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"1","key":"8178_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.1.97","volume":"16","author":"L Dalle Carbonare","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dalle Carbonare L, Arlot ME, Chavassieux PM, Roux JP, Portero NR, Meunier PJ (2001) Comparison of trabecular bone microarchitecture and remodeling in glucocorticoid-induced and postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res. 16(1):97\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.1.97","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"8178_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V87.11.4762.bloodjournal87114762","volume":"87","author":"R Bataille","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bataille R, Chappard D, Basle MF (1996) Quantifiable excess of bone resorption in monoclonal gammopathy is an early symptom of malignancy: a prospective study of 87 bone biopsies. Blood 87(11):11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.V87.11.4762.bloodjournal87114762","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"8178_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bhattoa HP, Vasikaran S, Trifonidi I, Kapoula G, Lombardi G, J\u00f8rgensen NR, et al. Update on the role of bone turnover markers in the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis: a consensus paper from The European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO), International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF), and International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC). Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA. avr 2025;36(4):579\u2011608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-025-07422-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-025-07422-3"},{"issue":"5","key":"8178_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2004.05092.x","volume":"126","author":"M Politou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Politou M, Terpos E, Anagnostopoulos A, Szydlo R, Laffan M, Layton M et al (2004) Role of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin and macrophage protein 1-alpha (MIP-1a) in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Br J Haematol sept 126(5):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2004.05092.x","journal-title":"Br J Haematol sept"},{"issue":"5","key":"8178_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1445-5994.2001.00055.x","volume":"31","author":"T Diamond","year":"2001","unstructured":"Diamond T, Levy S, Smith A, Day P, Manoharan A (2001) Non-invasive markers of bone turnover and plasma cytokines differ in osteoporotic patients with multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance. Intern Med J juill 31(5):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1445-5994.2001.00055.x","journal-title":"Intern Med J juill"},{"issue":"1","key":"8178_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0609.2002.00505.x","volume":"69","author":"C Jakob","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jakob C, Zavrski I, Heider U, Brux B, Eucker J, Langelotz C et al (2002) Bone resorption parameters [carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type-I collagen (ICTP), amino-terminal collagen type-I telopeptide (NTx), and deoxypyridinoline (Dpd)] in MGUS and multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol juill 69(1):37\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0609.2002.00505.x","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol juill"},{"issue":"6","key":"8178_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27342","volume":"131","author":"E Terpos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Terpos E, Christoulas D, Katodritou E, Bratengeier C, Gkotzamanidou M, Michalis E et al (2012) Elevated circulating sclerostin correlates with advanced disease features and abnormal bone remodeling in symptomatic myeloma: reduction post-bortezomib monotherapy. Int J Cancer 131(6):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.27342","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"8178_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2010.173","volume":"24","author":"E Terpos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Terpos E, Dimopoulos MA, Sezer O, Roodman D, Abildgaard N, Vescio R et al (2010) The use of biochemical markers of bone remodeling in multiple myeloma: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group. Leukemia 24(10):1700\u20131712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/leu.2010.173","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"5","key":"8178_CR38","first-page":"567","volume":"89","author":"N Abildgaard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Abildgaard N, Brixen K, Eriksen EF, Kristensen JE, Nielsen JL, Heickendorff L (2004) Sequential analysis of biochemical markers of bone resorption and bone densitometry in multiple myeloma. Haematologica mai 89(5):567\u2013577","journal-title":"Haematologica mai"},{"issue":"3","key":"8178_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.11247","volume":"106","author":"E Terpos","year":"2003","unstructured":"Terpos E, de la Fuente J, Szydlo R, Hatjiharissi E, Viniou N, Meletis J et al (2003) Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b: a novel serum marker for monitoring bone disease in multiple myeloma. Int J Cancer 106(3):455\u2013457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.11247","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"8178_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2003.04050.x","volume":"120","author":"N Abildgaard","year":"2003","unstructured":"Abildgaard N, Brixen K, Kristensen JE, Eriksen EF, Nielsen JL, Heickendorff L (2003) Comparison of five biochemical markers of bone resorption in multiple myeloma: elevated pre-treatment levels of S-ICTP and U-Ntx are predictive for early progression of the bone disease during standard chemotherapy. Br J Haematol janv 120(2):235\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2003.04050.x","journal-title":"Br J Haematol janv"},{"issue":"1","key":"8178_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2000.01960.x","volume":"109","author":"R Fonseca","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fonseca R, Trendle MC, Leong T, Kyle RA, Oken MM, Kay NE et al (2000) Prognostic value of serum markers of bone metabolism in untreated multiple myeloma patients. Br J Haematol avr 109(1):24\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2000.01960.x","journal-title":"Br J Haematol avr"},{"issue":"10","key":"8178_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2017.1421757","volume":"59","author":"S Vallet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vallet S, Hoyle NR, Kyle RA, Podar K, Pecherstorfer M (2018) A role for bone turnover markers \u03b2-CrossLaps (CTX) and amino-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP) as potential indicators for disease progression from MGUS to multiple myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma 59(10):2431\u20132438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10428194.2017.1421757","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"issue":"1","key":"8178_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13928","volume":"173","author":"KR Ting","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ting KR, Brady JJ, Hameed A, Le G, Meiller J, Verburgh E et al (2016) Clinical utility of C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol avr 173(1):82\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjh.13928","journal-title":"Br J Haematol avr"},{"issue":"3","key":"8178_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2014.09.004","volume":"15","author":"RS Go","year":"2015","unstructured":"Go RS, Gundrum JD, Neuner JM (2015) Determining the clinical significance of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: a SEER-Medicare population analysis. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk mars 15(3):177-186.e4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clml.2014.09.004","journal-title":"Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk mars"},{"issue":"6","key":"8178_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-008-9145-2","volume":"82","author":"J Pepe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pepe J, Petrucci MT, Mascia ML, Piemonte S, Fassino V, Romagnoli E et al (2008) The effects of alendronate treatment in osteoporotic patients affected by monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Calcif Tissue Int juin 82(6):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00223-008-9145-2","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int juin"},{"issue":"19","key":"8178_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6289","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-0666","volume":"14","author":"JR Berenson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Berenson JR, Yellin O, Boccia RV, Flam M, Wong SF, Batuman O et al (2008) Zoledronic acid markedly improves bone mineral density for patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and bone loss. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res 14(19):6289\u20136295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-0666","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"8178_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2407031","volume":"392","author":"MJ Bolland","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bolland MJ, Nisa Z, Mellar A, Gasteiger C, Pinel V, Mihov B et al (2025) Fracture prevention with infrequent zoledronate in women 50 to 60 years of age. N Engl J Med 392(3):239\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2407031","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"8178_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.31.3304","volume":"29","author":"DH Henry","year":"2011","unstructured":"Henry DH, Costa L, Goldwasser F, Hirsh V, Hungria V, Prausova J et al (2011) Randomized, double-blind study of denosumab versus zoledronic acid in the treatment of bone metastases in patients with advanced cancer (excluding breast and prostate cancer) or multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol 29(9):9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2010.31.3304","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8178_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30072-X","volume":"19","author":"N Raje","year":"2018","unstructured":"Raje N, Terpos E, Willenbacher W, Shimizu K, Garc\u00eda-Sanz R, Durie B et al (2018) Denosumab versus zoledronic acid in bone disease treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: an international, double-blind, double-dummy, randomised, controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol mars 19(3):370\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30072-X","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol mars"},{"key":"8178_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.08.003","volume":"105","author":"E Tsourdi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tsourdi E, Langdahl B, Cohen-Solal M, Aubry-Rozier B, Eriksen EF, Gua\u00f1abens N et al (2017) Discontinuation of denosumab therapy for osteoporosis: a systematic review and position statement by ECTS. Bone d\u00e9c 105:11\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2017.08.003","journal-title":"Bone d\u00e9c"},{"issue":"2","key":"8178_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-025-07798-2","volume":"37","author":"G Marcucci","year":"2026","unstructured":"Marcucci G, Biver E, Body JJ, Campusano C, Cannata-And\u00eda J, Confavreux C et al (2026) Non-metastatic breast cancer patients discontinuing aromatase inhibitor on denosumab: what next? Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA 37(2):341\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-025-07798-2","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA"},{"issue":"12","key":"8178_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2017.152","volume":"31","author":"J Delgado-Calle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Delgado-Calle J, Anderson J, Cregor MD, Condon KW, Kuhstoss SA, Plotkin LI et al (2017) Genetic deletion of Sost or pharmacological inhibition of sclerostin prevent multiple myeloma-induced bone disease without affecting tumor growth. Leukemia d\u00e9c 31(12):2686\u20132694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/leu.2017.152","journal-title":"Leukemia d\u00e9c"},{"issue":"5","key":"8178_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-016-0162-2","volume":"100","author":"MM McDonald","year":"2017","unstructured":"McDonald MM, Fairfield H, Falank C, Reagan MR (2017) Adipose, bone, and myeloma: contributions from the microenvironment. Calcif Tissue Int mai 100(5):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00223-016-0162-2","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int mai"},{"key":"8178_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4137\/ccrep.s1026","volume":"1","author":"T Forslund","year":"2008","unstructured":"Forslund T, Koski AM, Koistinen A, Siki\u00f6 A (2008) Malignant myeloma in a patient after treatment for osteoporosis with teriparatide; a rare coincidence. Clin Med Case Rep 1:119\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4137\/ccrep.s1026","journal-title":"Clin Med Case Rep"},{"key":"8178_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koski AM, Siki\u00f6 A, Forslund T (2010) Teriparatide treatment complicated by malignant myeloma. BMJ Case Rep bcr0120102681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr.01.2010.2681","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.01.2010.2681"},{"issue":"1","key":"8178_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-026-01693-x","volume":"21","author":"R Cassez","year":"2026","unstructured":"Cassez R, Cortet B, Bouvard B, Theis D, Potey C, Manier S et al (2026) Malignant transformation in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance treated with teriparatide for osteoporosis: a bicenter retrospective study and analysis of the French national pharmacovigilance database. Arch Osteoporos 21(1):59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11657-026-01693-x","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos"},{"issue":"1","key":"8178_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-023-00255-y","volume":"11","author":"EJ Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee EJ, Lee KJ, Jung S, Park KH, Park SI (2023) Mobilization of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells is regulated by PTH1R activation in bone marrow stromal cells. Bone Res 11(1):22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41413-023-00255-y","journal-title":"Bone Res"},{"key":"8178_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2020.100323","volume":"25","author":"L Seefried","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seefried L, Genest F, Str\u00f6msd\u00f6rfer J, Engelmann B, Lapa C, Jakob F et al (2020) Impact of whole-body vibration exercise on physical performance and bone turnover in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. J Bone Oncol d\u00e9c 25:100323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbo.2020.100323","journal-title":"J Bone Oncol d\u00e9c"},{"issue":"4","key":"8178_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-007-0543-5","volume":"19","author":"JA Kanis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Johansson H, McCloskey E (2008) FRAX and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK. Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA 19(4):385\u2013397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-007-0543-5","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA"},{"key":"8178_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abrahamsen B, Andersen I, Christensen SS, Skov Madsen J, Brixen K. (2005) Utility of testing for monoclonal bands in serum of patients with suspected osteoporosis: retrospective, cross sectional study. BMJ. 9 330(7495):818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.38376.401701.8F","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38376.401701.8F"},{"issue":"12","key":"8178_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2387","volume":"29","author":"MT Drake","year":"2014","unstructured":"Drake MT (2014) Unveiling skeletal fragility in patients diagnosed with MGUS: no longer a condition of undetermined significance? J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res 29(12):12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbmr.2387","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res"}],"container-title":["Osteoporosis International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00198-026-08178-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00198-026-08178-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00198-026-08178-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T09:01:16Z","timestamp":1788858076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00198-026-08178-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["8178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-026-08178-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-941X","1433-2965"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-941X","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-2965","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The following authors AEM, CC, DK, RB, MB, JH, JF, and RR declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work in this paper. The following authors declare the following conflicts of interests: Research grants: PH (Stada), PE (Amgen, Alexion, Sanofi), JJB (UCB) and CC (Amgen, MSD avenir). Conferences: PH (Amgen, Celltrion, Fresenius, Gedeon Richter, Hexal, Sandoz, Stada, Theramex, UCB.), RDB (Abbott Labs, Abbvie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bio-Rad Labs,Chugai, Doctorpedia, Eli Lilly, Glaxo, Illumina, JangoBio, Johnson & Johnson, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Nutrien, Procter & Gamble, ROMTech, Sandoz, Sanofi, Siemens, Teva, UCB). PE (Amgen, Kyowa-Kirin, Alexion), JJB (UCB, Sandoz), TJV (Abbott, Aspen, Pharmaforce, Adcock, Ingram, Cipla Medpro), and CC (Abvie, Astra Zeneca, Celltrion, Fresenius, Sandoz, UCB, Sandoz).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}