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Classical perspectives describe the colon as nitrogen-limited due to the early absorption of dietary nitrogen in the small intestine, prompting the evolution of nitrogen-scavenging. In this mini-review, we focus on\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , facultative anaerobes, and clinically relevant pathobionts to examine nitrogen-scavenging and -assimilation systems. Drawing from in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo mono-colonization murine studies in\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae,<\/jats:italic>\n                    we highlight findings that introduced a paradigm shift by showing that nitrogen-scavenging mechanisms may be dispensable under certain conditions. Rather than refuting nitrogen limitation, we propose a re-evaluation of nutrient limitation in the gut, and a more nuanced model, with carbon and energy sources emerging as potential bottlenecks. This minireview emphasizes\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a pathobiont model for investigating nitrogen metabolism and outlines key knowledge gaps to be addressed in future studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-025-04404-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T11:01:26Z","timestamp":1753700486000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Revisiting nitrogen assimilation strategies in the mammalian gut: lessons from Enterobacteriaceae as pathobiont models and a challenge to the limitation paradigm"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"207","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9991-7981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa C.","family":"Harling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron L.","family":"Hecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary D.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4404_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1128\/br.18.1.16-42.1954","volume":"18","author":"HA Barker","year":"1954","unstructured":"Barker HA (1954) Studies on the methane fermentation. 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